Arif Barış

Assoc. Prof.

Absolute rights that grant limited control over properties by allowing the rights to use or to benefit (or both of these rights) to the right holder are called easement rights. A parcel of land may be encumbered in favour of another property such that the servient landowner must permit the owner of the dominant property to exercise certain rights over it or refrain from exercising certain rights attached to his or her property for the benefit of the owner of the dominant property. As a rule, this relationship between the servient landowner and the beneficiary of the easement shall continue in accordance with the conditions agreed in the easement agreement until the easement ends. However, some situations that arise during this relationship may make it unbearably difficult for the servient landowner to fulfill these obligations against the beneficiary of the easement. In the event of such circumstances, the relationship between the parties may need to be rearranged in order to restore the balance deteriorated against the owner. The fact that the place used by the beneficiary of the easement gained significant meaning and significant value in terms of the servient landowner from the moment of establishment of the easement, is considered a situation which aggravates the obligations undertaken by the landowner against the beneficiary. That is why the legislator felt the need to introduce a special regulation in Article 791 of the Turkish Civil Code. According to this regulation if only part of a property is affected by the exercise of an easement, the servient owner is entitled to request that the right be transferred to another location which is no less suitable for the beneficiary, provided that he or she can show a legitimate interest and bears the cost,. He or she is entitled to do so even if the easement is recorded in the land register as being in a specific location. It should be acknowledged that this provision constitutes a special application of article 786 of Turkish Civil Code. According to this article, the beneficiary is entitled to take all measures necessary to preserve and exercise the easement. However, he or she is obliged to exercise his or her rights in as benign a way as possible. In this respect, it would not be wrong to say that article 791 of the Turkish Civil Code is an extension of the basic principle that the beneficiary of the easement should not act in contradiction to the interests of the owner while exercising his right. Indeed, especially in cases where article 791 of the Turkish Civil Code has found its application, that is, it has been decided that the easement is to be used only in a certain place, the existence of the easement does not completely eliminate the interests of the landowner in making use of the immovable property as efficiently and effectively as possible. The existence of the easement prevents him only from exercising some of his authorities provided by the right to property. Therefore, the&nbsp;legislator has accepted that if the needs of the real estate change after the establishment of the easement, the landowner may request under certain conditions to change the place where the easement is used. In this way, the landowner could be able to keep an important authority to operate his property in an efficient manner even this property is charged with an easement. This study, aims to examine the conditions of realization of change of place where the easement is used and to present general principles and legal consequences of the relocation.

İrtifak Hakkının Kullanıldığı Yerin Değiştirilmesi

Ayşe

Assist. Prof.

One of the principles that Civil Procedure Law based on is the “dispositional control of the parties principle”. Under this principle, parties’ have the right solve private law disputes according to their dispositions. Under the principle, dispute parties are free to decide choose or not to choose litigation as way of resolution. Principle also covers to end the dispute by an settlement (in principle). One of the dispute ending options under the principle is the parties settlement agreement. Settlement agreement, generally, is an agreement in which parties agree to ending the dispute with mutual compromise. In other words, it can be also defined as an agreement in which parties completely or partially ending the dispute mutually. Settlement agreement, regulated as an stand alone regulation for the first time in the Article 313/1 of the Code of Civil Procedure (CCP) numbered 6100. Under the Article, settlement agreement means that the parties agreement on to ending the dispute completely or partially in an outstanding case. This definition only covers the in-judicial settlement. Because the definition requires a settlement in front of the court. Out of judicial/court settlement is not regulated under the CCP. Because, this kind of settlement fall in the area of the Turkish Code of Obligations. Out of judicial settlement is an agreement out of the court in which the parties agreed to end the dispute completely or partially at mutual interest point they considered. There is no necessity of an outstanding ongoing case process at this point. Additionally, an ongoing trial process would not affect the out of judicial settlement. It is needed a transformation of the out of judicial settlement to an in-judicial settlement to affect an ongoing trial at the same dispute. Out of judicial settlement is an substantive law agreement. This agreement is fall in the provisions (General Provisions) of the Turkish Code of Obligations. Out of judicial settlement agreement is not be need to be made in written because of the “freedom as to form” principle of the Turkish Code of Obligations. If the out of judicial settlement transformed to an in-judicial settlement it could affect an ongoing trial at the same dispute. Parties convey the out of judicial settlement to the court and then court get in record the agreement. After that moment, out of judicial settlement is evaluated as an in-judicial settlement. It is not needed that the whole provisions of the out of judicial settlement to get in recorded in the trial documents. Article 315/1 of the CCP regulates the provisions on effects and solutions of settlement agreements. Under this provisions when the out of judicial settlement transformed to an in-judicial settlement it would has the same legal power and&nbsp;solutions of it. The first solution of this transformation is the ending of existing dispute, in other words ending of the existing court trial. The second important outcome of the in-judicial settlement agreement is that it would have the same legal effect of final court decision. In-judicial settlement has an important another legal effect that it would has the power of the final court decisions under the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Code Article 38. If the out of judicial settlement transformed to an in-judicial settlement it would has the same affect as well.

Mahkeme Dışında Yapılan Sulh ve Yargılamaya Etkisi

Res. Assist.

Involvement of persons with disabilities in business life is extremely important – just as much as in their access to education and health services - and in their enjoyment of social protection because unemployment makes individuals becoming unemployed feel like they are useless. Involvement of persons with disabilities in business life, and pursuing the same eliminates the social effects caused by the risk of unemployment. In addition, working persons with disabilities benefit from social insurance protection based on their work, and thus a decrease occurs in the expenses made for persons with disabilities from the social security budget. While the policies relevant to persons with disabilities started with passive policies such as protecting persons with disabilities, today they have transformed into active policies such as ensuring the complete participation of persons with disabilities in employment. In Turkey, the number of persons with disabilities recorded on the National Database on Persons with Disabilities is 2.461.828 for the first half of the year 2019. And the rate of participation of persons with disabilities in employment is 22.1 percent. When compared with the data for the EU and OECD, this number is very low. Thus, increasing the participation in employment of persons with disabilities is also among the objectives relevant to business life. When the legal regulations in Turkey are examined, it can be observed that rules relevant to the protection of persons with disabilities have taken place in Constitutional Law for the first time. According to Article 17 of Constitutional Law, everyone has the right to live, and to preserve and improve their material and moral presence. And, according to Article 49 of Constitutional Law, working is everyone’s right and obligation. The government takes the required measures to increase the standard of living of employees, protect the unemployed, and support working. The government’s actualization of this obligation is especially important in terms of persons with disabilities who are experiencing many difficulties in involvement in business life. For this reason, it is required that the government should take special measures for persons with disabilities, and to provide the work environment for them. Hence, in Article 50 of Constitutional Law, it has been emphasized that no one could be employed in works not conforming to their strength, and the rule of “the ones having physical and psychological insufficiency are distinctively protected in terms of working conditions” has been established. And the most basic law regarding persons with disabilities is the Law on Persons with Disabilities no 5378. This law intends that persons with disabilities should benefit from fundamental rights and freedoms, and to ensure their participation in social life under equal conditions with other individuals. Article 30 of Labour Law no 4857 regulates the details relevant to the liability of employers to employ persons&nbsp;with disabilities. Article 30 was regulated again in 2008, and new principles were established regarding the employment of persons with disabilities. In accordance with this, employers employing fifty or more employees in the workplace have to employ a specific number of persons with disabilities. When Article 30 of Labour Law is examined, it is observed that the straightforward quota method has been adopted regarding the employment of persons with disabilities. The quota determined within this scope is three percent for workplaces in the private sector, and four percent for workplaces in the public sector. It is required that the following conditions are present for liability of the employer to employ persons with disabilities to arise : i) The workplace’s inclusion in the scope of Labour Law, or Maritime Labour Law, ii) Employment of fifty or more employees in the workplace. In case of the presence of these conditions, the employers are required to employ persons with disabilities whose rate of disability is at least 40 percent. Persons with disabilities should be employed through the Turkish Employment Agency. But the employer may also employ a person with disabilities through his own means. In this case, it is required to inform the Turkish Employment Agency, and to have the person with disabilities recorded at the Agency. An administrative fine is imposed on the employer acting against the liability of employing persons with disabilities. Another method regarding the employment of persons with disabilities is the concept of sheltered employment. Briefly, this method is ensuring the employment of persons with disabilities – for whom it is difficult to bring them in business life - within the frame of special conditions. In this system, there are sheltered workplaces where the working environment is specifically arranged in order to ensure the employment of persons with disabilities. In Turkish Law, the principles of this subject have been regulated in the Law on Persons with Disabilities, and in a certain regulation issued on this subject. That Regulation first came into force in 2006, and it was renewed in 2013. Persons with disabilities who will be employed at sheltered workplaces, are not only persons with physical disabilities but persons with mental and psychological disabilities. In terms of acquiring the status of a sheltered workplace, some conditions have been sought by the Regulation. Above all, it is required that the workplace is one which holds the qualifications determined by the Regulation, and where at least eight persons with disabilities are employed. In addition, the ratio of the number of persons with disabilities who will be employed at a sheltered workplace to the number of total employees shouldn’t be less than seventy five percent. In the Regulation, the physical conditions and equipment that the sheltered workplace has to have (safety, traffic safety, fire protection etc.) were also specified. A specific part of the remunerations&nbsp;of the persons with disabilities being employed at sheltered workplaces is paid by the government. In Turkish law, amendments made in time in Article 30 of Labour Law being the basis of the liability of employing persons with disabilities, and especially the increase in incentives for the employers in private sector are deemed as proper regulations. Again, allowing the employers to find workers who will be employed by their own means is also among those steps which would facilitate employment. Certainly, considering the measures ensuring employment as incentives rather than a quota and fine method would be a more constructive approach.

İşverenin Engelli İşçi Çalıştırma Yükümlülüğü

Night work has been the subject of many discussions due to its contradictory nature to the biological structure of the human body. This attribute of night work requires that night work and day work should not be handled in the same way in the legal order. The developments in the field of Occupational Health and Safety Law, and the researches regarding the effects of night work on the human health, constantly demand the review and improvement of the regulations regarding night work. In this regard, the most important protective provision regarding the workers working at night could be the limit on the night working time. In accordance with the Article 69 (I) of the Labour Law No. 4857, “night” is defined as the period starting at the latest at 20.00 in the evening, and lasting at the earliest until 06.00 in the morning, which in any case lasts maximum eleven hours. Furthermore, in accordance with Article 69 (III), night work shall not exceed seven and a half hours. However, significant exceptions have been recently adopted to this rule. The amendment, enacted in 2015, allows employers in some sectors (private security, tourism and jobs related to healthcare) to demand night work in excess of seven and a half hours by obtaining written approval from the worker. It should be noted that the regulations concerning night work are particularly important regarding the work carried out by shift work. Taking into consideration the need for governing special procedures and principles on this subject, a regulation specifically on shift work has been issued, and exceptions to the rule on the limit of the night working time are also included in this regulation. In my opinion, the propriety of this change amendment is highly debatable. It can be argued that the service should continue uninterruptedly in the sectors mentioned in the Article (private security, tourism and jobs related to healthcare). However, the employment of the workers for longer periods is not the only way to ensure the continuity of the service. Although written approval of the worker enabling the night work in excess of seven and a half hours is stipulated, the worker-protective approach of the Labour Law which protects the workers even from themselves, especially on the issues regarding occupational health and safety should not be disregarded. It should also be noted that the Regulation on shift work also includes a statement which is not included in the text of the Labour Law. In the Regulation; it is prescribed that the workers employed by the subcontractor in the workplaces, where private security, tourism and health services are carried out, also fall under this scope. If the letter of the statement is followed; it could be concluded that all workers employed by the subcontractor in the health, tourism and private security sectors may be employed at night for more than seven and a half hours. However, it is clear that such an interpretation would be incompatible with the exception regulated in the Labour&nbsp;Law. The provision of the regulation should be interpreted in a manner to cover subcontractor workers who are employed in the sectors referred to in the Labour Law, specifically in cases where subcontracted work is carried out with respect to these sectors. It has been concluded that the recent changes in the field of night work constitute a reversal in terms of workers’ rights. It is clear that the continuity of the services without disruption can be also maintained by increasing the number of shifts. Furthermore, I would like to draw attention to the fact that the regulations regarding night work are quite disorganized. In this regard, it may be suggested that all the rules regarding night work should fall into a single regulation. As a result, it may be stated that there is a need for the review of the regulations on night work in our legislation.

Gece Çalışması ve Gece Çalışma Süresinin Sınırı ile İlgili Değişikliklerin Değerlendirilmesi

Cemile

This article deals with multi-tier dispute resolution clauses incorporating both mediation and arbitration together under Turkish Law. I use the terminology of “med-arb” not only for the situation where the mediator acts as an arbitrator, but rather in a general meaning covering all instances where the arbitration is commenced following an unsuccessful mediation. The purpose of this article is to discuss the validity of the med-arb agreements, the consequences of starting arbitration before the mediation fails, the effects of the mediation proceedings and of the mediator acting as an arbitrator on the arbitration that follows the mediation as well as the admissibility of the documents and factual evidence exchanged at the mediation. For the purpose of this article, the comparative laws, international ethics rules, international guidelines on the conflict of interest and admissibility of evidence are reviewed along with Turkish law. Turkish Code on Mediation in Civil Law Disputes stipulates some provisions related to the med-arb. These provisions shall apply equally to both domestic and international arbitrations where the place of arbitration is Turkey. Following the jurisprudence of the Turkish Supreme Court, a med-arb agreement is valid only if it reflects, without doubt, both parties’ consents to the arbitration following the failure of the mediation proceedings. Therefore, a multi-tier dispute resolution clause subject to Turkish law needs to be drawn carefully. In this respect IBA Guidelines for Drafting International Arbitration Clauses are of assistance. In cases where one of the parties commences arbitration without a recourse to mediation first, the arbitral tribunal should make a decision on the admissibility of the claim. There is no direct provision related to the question of admissibility under Turkish law. Under Turkish law, in parallel with the practice of international arbitration, the tribunal has to interpret the med-arb agreement to make a decision on the question of whether the recourse to mediation is a pre-condition of the arbitration. If the mediation is a pre-condition, then the tribunal should suspend the arbitral&nbsp;proceedings and direct the parties to the mediation. However, in the case that the mediation fails, the tribunal may resume the arbitral proceedings. There is nothing under Turkish law suggesting that a precondition of arbitration is a jurisdictional issue rather than an admissibility issue. The advantages of the med-arb are subject to heated debates among people holding different perspectives. Such advantages are controversial since when a dispute arises and the arbitration starts without a recourse to mediation, the respondent may object to the jurisdiction of the tribunal or to the admissibility of the claim relying on the fact that the pre-condition to try mediation first is not met. Such an objection may cause arbitration to be delayed and/or the costs of arbitration to increase. Therefore, before opting for a med-arb agreement the parties should evaluate the possibility of settling their dispute at the Med-arb. The parties who are able to consider their commercial interests do not need a med-arb agreement as they are able to settle the disputes without the assistance of a mediator. They first try to settle the dispute, in some cases for years, and to avoid adjudication by an arbitral tribunal. They only start arbitration when there is no possibility of settlement of their dispute and of saving their commercial alliance. In such cases, med-arb agreements become a tool to delay the proceedings and increase the costs for the claimant to force him or her to give up his or her claim. Having said that, for the parties who are unable to consider their commercial interest and unable to avoid adjudication, med-arb agreement may be the right dispute resolution clause. In a med-arb agreement, the parties may wish the mediator to act as their arbitrator if the mediation fails. Neither the Turkish Code of Mediation in Civil Disputes nor the Turkish International Arbitration Code prevents a mediator to act as an arbitrator. Turkish Ethics Rules for Mediators stipulate that a mediator may act as an arbitrator only if the parties have agreement in writing. Therefore, any mediator to act as arbitrator needs to have the parties’ written consent. In international mediation and arbitration practices, the scholars and practitioners widely accept that having an arbitrator who previously acted as a mediator generates a number of serious risks and concerns. First of all, the mediator-arbitrator may not protect his or her impartiality in the arbitration because of the facts that she or he became aware of during the mediation. Secondly, the mediator-arbitrator may rely on the confidential information exchanged in caucus while making the award. Thirdly, the mediator may be too willing to act as an arbitrator and as a result the mediation may prematurely fail. Finally, the mediator may abuse his or her powers and force the parties to settle their disputes as the mediator suggests. The parties may feel that if they are not able to settle their dispute and proceed to the arbitration, the mediator-arbitrator would make an arbitral award in parallel of the recommendations at the mediation phase. Considering the severity of the consequences, if the parties agree to have an arbitrator&nbsp;who previously acted as their mediator, they need to be aware of such consequences and they need to make an informed decision accordingly . The Turkish Code of Mediation in Civil Law Disputes restrains the ability of the mediator-arbitrator to rely on the documents produced during the mediation for the purpose of settlement and defines which documents are in this category. In the case where the mediator-arbitrator relies on these documents while making the award, depending on the extent the document or information has a bearing on the award, the arbitral award may be cancelled, or its enforcement may be refused. In November 2019, Istanbul Arbitration Center (ISTAC) introduced its Medarb Rules. ISTAC Med-arb Rules are the first published institutional Med-arb rules. ISTAC Med-arb Rules reflect the best practices in international mediation – arbitration. I believe that ISTAC Med-arb Rules will be welcomed in the field of international dispute resolution.

Arabuluculuk ve Tahkimi Bir Arada İçeren Uyuşmazlık Çözüm Yolu

Davut

All debtors are liable for all of the obligations in joint indebtedness. Also, the creditor has the right to claim this from one, some or all of the debtors. Joint indebtedness can arise from the regulations or wills of the parties. The coming together of joint debtors in a contractual framework also can arise from both the regulations and wills of the parties. In all these cases, if joint debtors do not perform on time, then default of joint debtors is mentioned. Obligations of joint debtors are relatively independent from each other. As a result of this, principally action of a joint debtor has effect only on that joint debtor. Accordingly, default of a joint debtor has only effect only on this debtor who is in default. But exceptionally, it is possible that the parties can agree that responsibility of all joint debtors from the results of default of a particular joint debtor. Obligations of joint debtors can fall due on different dates, and accordingly, default dates can differ when performance times of joint debtors are different from each other. If one of the joint debtors has a right to avoid performance, this prevents this debtor from debtor’s default. Notice principally causes the default of the debtor who has received notice. But a contra agreement regarding this is also possible. If there is a situation which makes notice unnecessary for a joint debtor, this debtor falls into default without a notice. The performance of the obligation must be possible for the occurrence of the default. If the object of the performance is impossible in terms of all debtors, all debtors get out of their debts. If the object of performance becomes impossible with a fault of a joint debtor, all joint debtors must be responsible de lege ferenda. If one of the joint debtors puts a creditor to creditor’s default, other joint debtors also benefit from this situation. Compensation of delay, which is a general result of debtor’s default, can only be demanded from the joint debtor who is in default. If more than one joint debtor falls in default because of their fault, these are jointly responsible for the compensation of delay. Even if one joint debtor who does not fall in default, distinguishes obligation with performance, compensation of delay can still be demanded from the joint debtor who falls in default. If a force majeure or fortuitous events occur during the period of default of one joint debtor, this joint debtor is responsible for this situation. If the same situation occurs during the period of default of more than one joint debtor, these are jointly responsible. If one of the joint debtors of a pecuniary obligation falls into default, this debtor is obliged to pay interest for the default. If more than one joint debtor falls into default, these are jointly responsible. But at this point, default dates, interest rates and the capital debt have importance. Because according to these elements, the amount of interest for default can differ. Therefore, a distinction must be made during the&nbsp;consideration of the jointly responsible parts of the debt. If the creditor still has a damage which does not compensate with the interest for default, it can be claimed from the joint debtor who falls into default with fault. In bilateral contracts the creditor, who wants extra rights to benefit, should give an extra period of time to the joint debtor who falls into default. This time periods must be reasonable for each joint debtor. It can be situations in which the creditor should give an extra period of time to some joint debtors while it is not necessary to give to the others, according to TCO Art. 123. When the creditor makes choice, this has only effect for the joint debtor which this right turns to. Compensation for damage for non-performance can only be demanded from the joint debtor who falls into default with fault. If other join debtors who do not fall into default, distinguish the obligation, this compensation cannot be demanded from the debtor who is in default. If more than one joint debtor falls into default with fault, these joint debtors are responsible for the compensation for damage for nonperformance of obligation. Withdrawal from the contract is possible when all joint debtors incur in default. The creditor must declare his withdrawal will to all joint debtors.&nbsp;

Sözleşmesel Çerçevede Meydana Gelen Müteselsil Borçlulukta Borçlu Temerrüdü

Derya

Preliminary provisions of Turkish Civil Code provide both general principles of law, which are the basis for judicial system and guidance to the judges that are rule of law practitioners. Article 5 of the Civil Code, which does not stand out at first, is in fact a versatile and crucial rule of law that often fills specific legal gaps and general legislative regulation gaps, and that offers a pathway to the judge to resolve the issue without having to enforce the Civil Code’s second clause of Article 1. Turkish Civil Code Article 5 which reads as follows: “This Code and the general provisions of the Code of Obligations shall apply as applicable to all private law transactions”, shows on one hand that the divergence between two Laws are only in form, and on the other hand that it is a critical rule of law applicable in all private law relations. As will be discussed below in detail, when the historical development of the Code is examined, it is understood that the lawmaker formed the unity between these two Laws consciously and voluntarily. In relation to the Article 1 of Turkish Civil Code specifying the applicability of the law according to its wording or interpretation to all legal questions for which it contains a provision, and guiding the judge in case of legal gaps which may arise, it is vital to clarify the importance and function of Article 5 of the Code. As a matter of fact, this is a starting point in terms of discussions on whether this clause is necessary, and of determining the scope, function, area of implementation and methodology. In this context, within the scope of the study, the article’s history was reviewed with regard to Turkish and Swiss Laws, particularly in a systematic way. Subsequently, the interpretation of the article in correlation with Article 1 of Civil Code was approached along with the main debates. Lastly, the article was evaluated according to some examples limited to Family Law by objectifying the clause in a narrower scope, since its area of implementation is considerably wide and comprehensive. As it is understood from the examples given on Family Law, debates on “whether this clause is necessary” are in fact about whether the judge performs a direct or a comparative implementation, or whether he/she performs a practice to cover both while implementing the general clauses of Civil Code and Code of Obligations. Likewise, Article 1 of Civil Code draws a roadmap for the potential legal gaps while empowering the judge to apply the law according to its wording or interpretation. At this point, without a doubt, it is the judge who is to decide whether the application should be direct or comparative. Considering the increasing amount of needs in the developing and self-renewing social life and the new legal regulations, the article fairly transforms the general provisions in Code of Obligations and Civil Code into the general provisions of&nbsp;Private Law. The article is also a general reference that strengthens the bond between the two Codes, the relationship between them being emphasized by the legislator. Since reference provisions come in sight when the judge is led by the legislator during a legal regulation to be implemented in a legal issue, Article 5 of Civil Code stands as a general reference provision giving instructions to the judge on comparative implementation. Without doubt, if this provision did not exist the judge would fill out the existing gaps and would find a solution by comparison. However, the fact that the legislator has placed the article in Preliminary Provisions of Civil Code section with general statements, allow a systematic consistency in rulings, in addition to guiding the judge. For this reason, the provision carries importance for the whole Private Law area, rather than being a simple general legal law. Because it permits the judge to control and implement before its execution (if necessary) a rule of law which is not directly connected to the issue at hand. In this case, the judge will take into consideration the general provisions foreseen by Civil Code and Law of Obligations and by pursuing the guidance of Civil Code Article 5 where necessary, will be able to implement the rule of law on a concrete case. For that matter, it will not be wrong to state that as a general reference provision, Article 5 of Civil Code imposes an obligation for comparative implementation before proceeding with second paragraph of the article number 1 of Law.

Özel Hukukun Bütünlüğü İlkesi ve Medeni Kanunun 5 inci Maddesinin Aile Hukukundaki Uygulaması

Direnç

To ensure a stable or firm composition of a shareholder group in a joint stock company, the Turkish Commercial Code includes rules on restricted transferability. The restriction possibility of transferability of shares in a joint stock company is limited. Because of this, shareholders of these companies make contracts, which are so called “shareholders’ agreements”. In these agreements the right of preemption of parties is a dominant feature. With a contractual right of preemption of parties, it is possible to protect the composition of a shareholder group. The contractual right of preemption is basically a problem of the law of obligations, but it has effects on the side of law of companies. It can be used as an alternative to statutory restriction of transferability of shares. The study focused especially on the issue of which rules are applicable for the cases that include the right of preemption. Thus, the rules of the Turkish Code of Obligations on preemptive rights, which are provided for immovables are investigated. Another area dealt with in this article is the extent to which these articles are applicable for the rules of shareholders’ agreements, which include the right of preemption. Contractual right of preemption, which occurs in a shareholders’ agreement, is generally not subject to any form. But there could be exemptions. The agreement must be considered as a whole, if a right of preemption is created depending on the death of one of the parties. In order to solve the problem about the form of this agreement, the legal quality of the shareholders’ agreement must be established. Some shareholders’ agreements are qualified as a partnership under the Turkish Code of Obligations. If the right of preemption is described as a qualified successorship clause (in the partnership under the Turkish Code of Obligations), this agreement must be in the form of a disposition mortis causa. If the right of preemption is described as a simple successorship clause (in the partnership under the Turkish Code of Obligations) or if the legal quality of the shareholders’ agreement isn’t a partnership under the Turkish Code of Obligations, there is no need to make this contract in the form of a disposition mortis causa. The right of preemption can be divided into two categories. One type is called the real right of preemption and basically this type of right is the theme of this article. Real right of preemption cannot be an article or a rule of a joint stock company’s statute. If&nbsp;a statute of a joint stock company contains the right of preemption for shareholders, who remain in the company and against the shareholder, who wants to sell his/her shares to a third party, it must be accepted as void from the beginning. This study shares the idea that rules of statutes which include the right of preemption cannot at the same time be handled as a contractual agreement under the law of obligations between shareholders. This can be accepted under very exemptional circumstances. The essential contents of the shareholders’ agreements which contain the right of preemption are the parties of the agreement and the subject of the contract. The price of the subject is not one of them because Art 241/III in the Turkish Code of Obligations is applicable for contracts which do not include a price rule. This means that if there is a lack of rule about the price of the share in a shareholders’ agreement, the price is determined according to the sales contract between the shareholder, who wants to sell his/her share and the third party, who wants to buy this share. If there is a price rule in the agreement, that creates the right of preemption, and this right of preemption is called a limited right of preemption; otherwise it is called an unlimited right of preemption. The condition which makes the use of the right of preemption possible is called a preemptional event. The preemptional event is generally a share sales contract between one party of the shareholders’ agreement and a third party. Art 240/I in the Turkish Code of Obligations about preemptional events is also applicable to the shareholders’ agreements, which create contractual right of preemption between shareholders. The seller party of the share sales agreement is also obliged to give this information to the parties of the shareholders’ agreements. In this study we maintain that Art 241 in the Turkish Code of Obligations is not fully applicable to the shareholders’ agreements that include the right of preemption. That is why we suggest that only the seller has the obligation to give information to the parties of the shareholders’ agreement, but not the buyer. Preventing the occurrence of preemptional event is also evaluated in the study, and in addition to the other legal probabilities, we suggest that the Art 175 in the Turkish Code of Obligations is also applicable for these situations. By making use of the right of preemption, the subject of the right cannot be divided, if the shareholders’ agreement has no other rules. Usually the subject of the right and the subject of the share sales agreement are the same. In the light of our study Art 242 in the Turkish Code of Obligations is partly applicable for the contractual right of preemption on shares. That means the owner of the right must make use of his/her right within three months at most. We think that a maximum duration of two years, which is also regulated in Art 242, is not applicable to the contractual right of preemption on shares. In our opinion it is a special duration for the right of preemption on immovables. Making use of the right of preemption typically has an effect between the parties of the shareholders’ agreements and it does not come up with such a result as a takeover of company shares. Because of this, an act of a party, which violates the shareholders agreement (also their right of preemption), may give a compensation right to the other parties for their damages. The right of preemption principally has no effect on the third parties, like the party of the share sales agreement. Some exemptional situations are also evaluated in the study.

Anonim Ortaklık Pay Sahipleri Arasında Yapılan Önalım Hakkı İçeren Sözleşmeler

Feyza

The protection of minors is very significant from a social and legal perspective and concerns everyone in society. However, the protection of minors is relatively a new topic since the professional training of coaches in this regard started during the mid 90’s. On the other hand, the increase in cross-border movements due to economic, political, social and environmental reasons has revealed the vulnerability of children who are affected by this fact more than anyone else. The children and their families who have not been able to find sufficient education, care, health services and social opportunities in their own or host countries consider sport, and especially football, as a means of breaking away. As the commercial value of football and competition among the clubs has increased in Europe, scouting and transferring young talents from the countries in Africa, Latin America and Asia with low cost and less effort has become more profitable for the European clubs. There has been a growing concern linked to the transfer of minors that larger football clubs are attracting young overseas talents to their academies and this is undermining the efforts of many smaller clubs to invest in the education and training of such talents. Realising the graveness of the situation, the European Union (EU) took the initiative to raise awareness for more effective protection of minors in sport. The 2000 Nice Declaration on Sport expressed “concern about commercial transactions targeting minors in sport, including those from third countries, inasmuch as they do not comply with existing labour legislation or endanger the health, and welfare of young sportsmen and women.” By the same token, in 2007, the European Commission issued a White Paper on Sport which states that “whilst the movement of minors in sport across frontiers may fall short of the legal definition of trafficking,&nbsp;the exploitation of young players continues to be a problem in the EU.” In this White Paper, the Commission refers to the reports that an international network managed by agents takes very young players to Europe especially from Africa and Latin America and the children who are not selected by the clubs are then abandoned in those foreign countries all alone, subject to further exploitation. The European Parliament also shared similar concerns through the Belet and Mavrommatis Reports. The EU institutions’ approach was supported by the political commitment of the EU Member States, which culminated in the drafting of Article 165 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, which grants a supporting competence in the field of sport. The wording of Article 165 (2) is as follows: “The Union shall contribute to the promotion of European sporting issues, while taking account of the specific nature of sport, its structures based on voluntary activity and its social and educational function.” In 2010, the European Sports Forum held in Madrid discussed a number of issues related to the use of young people in sport including overtraining and exploitation, missed education opportunities, the use of doping substances, and sexual abuse and harassment. Although the UN Convention on Rights of the Child does not have any provisions directly related to sport, many provisions of this Convention may still be considered as the legal basis of the protection of minors in sport. The Convention’s ultimate objective is to guarantee the sound development and progressive empowerment of children and adolescents, and it provides a wide range of safeguards to ensure their protection from all forms of abuse, neglect, violence and exploitation. These safeguards are directly relevant to minors in sport. Under the Convention, the States are responsible for taking all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse, while in the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other person who has the care of the child. Having realised the intense movement of minors across borders to play football in foreign counties endangering their health and welfare, the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) started to establish basic principles to protect them in 1990. In 2001, FIFA developed a regulatory framework composed of a set of provisions within its Regulations on the Status and Transfer of Players (RSTP) which govern the international transfer of minors. This framework went through modifications in 2005, 2009, and 2015 to expand its scope and to improve the protection provided to minor players. The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) is an integral part of this regulatory regime as a supreme arbitral authority, which clarifies its practical operation through its jurisprudence by examining and interpreting its specific provisions. In this respect, the Midjylland Case, the Elmir Muhic Case, the Vada I and Vada II Cases, Barcelona,&nbsp;Real Madrid and Atletico Madrid Cases are main cornerstones in the implementation of the substantive and procedural rules of the RSTP. Article 19 of the FIFA RSTP provides that international transfers of players are only permitted if the player is over the age of 18. Three exceptions to this rule apply. First, if the player’s parents move to the country in which the new club is located for reasons not linked to football. Second, the transfer takes place within the territory of the EU or EEA and the player is aged between 16 and 18, subject to the new club fulfilling a number of minimum obligations including the provision of education, training and accommodation. Third, the player lives no further than 50 km from a national border and the club which the player wishes to be registered in the neighbouring association is also within 50 km of that border. The rule takes effect only if there is a maximum distance between the player’s domicile and the club’s headquarters and the minor must continue to live at home. FIFA has accepted two further exceptions with regard to unaccompanied refugee players, and exchange students. The prohibition on the transfer of minors also extends to first registrations of non-national minors. Besides the substantive provisions laid out in Article 19 and 19bis, a key procedural requirement for any international transfer is the issuance of the International Transfer Certificate (ITC) by the player’s former association within whose territory his/her new club is based. The FIFA Players’ Status Committee (PSC) is authorised to inspect and approve every international transfer and every first registration of minors in football. National associations are required to submit an application to the Sub-Committee appointed by the PSC to seek an approval before registering any minor. In addition, FIFA has also developed a Transfer Matching System (TMS), the web-based information processing system for international transfers. The system has been proven very successful so far and the CAS decisions in Barcelona, Real Madrid and Atletico Madrid Cases, with the Chealsea decision on its way, shed further light on the effective implementation of the system despite certain contradictions.

FIFA Transfer Sisteminde Çocuk Haklarının Korunması

Mehmet Emin

Prof.

Rauf

Abdullah

Hakan

The registration procedure of trade names shall have the necessary features to protect the interests of the merchant, other relevant persons and the public. The registration procedure should have the characteristic of being not only quick and economic but also protective against any violation to the interest of right owners. In this regard, we recommend the following issues be taken into consideration in order to make the registration process and protection of trade names more qualified in Turkish law: 1. Once the principles and exemptions regarding signs and words that are prohibited or available with authorization should be legislated in TCC number of 6102. Thereafter, Administrative regulation should specify this issue by taking into consideration the principles and exemptions in TCC because there are a number of trade names in practise which use signs and words having natural, cultural or religious values. The commercialization of these words or their use in trade names may cause floccinaucinihilipilification of their worth. Therefore, the words and signs that express national, cultural or religious value need to be determined by regulation and their use in trade names should be prohibited. 2. The usable words only with authorization in trade names should be more detailed. Otherwise, the uncertainties in the current regulations should be clarified. To illustrate, it is unclear whether the translated versions of the words specified in TCC art. 46/3 are exempted from authorization or not. Another example is that the Trade Name Regulation (Official Gazette 14.02.2014, S. 28913.) art. 4/4 exempts some merchants from taking authorization, who should use the words subject to authorization because his/his shareholder name is supposed to be used. However, associations of ship owners are not stated in this exemption while the shareholder’s name is required in the trade name of association of ship owners. 3. Art. 4/6 of the Trade Name Regulation states that country names could be used in trade names on condition of the related country’s permission. Likewise, the names of geographical places are freely usable. We supposed that these statements be legislated in TCC or TCC state that this issue is regulated by secondary administrative acts. Besides, when country names are also used as a product name, a phrase or a&nbsp;geographical place name, it is needed to clarify under such circumstance that the permission of that country is required. 4. The practice as to registrar’s making changes on registered trade names should be regulated. Similarly, if court decisions regarding changing a trade name may not be applicable because of the character of MERSIS (Central Registration System), the application process of the court decision should be regulated. 5. The qualification for identity and similarity assessment between registered names and trade name application are far from providing adequate protection for trade names. Hence, art. 5 of the Trade Names Regulation which differentiates the evaluation for identity and similarity should be revised by taking into consideration the principles of TCC. The trade name query system in MERSİS and TTSG (Turkey Commercial Registry Gazette) should have a qualification to show registered trade names which are too similar. By the time a system automatically assesses similarity and identity rate is arranged, it is necessary to envisage a detailed regulation regarding similarity assessment in order to ensure uniformity and legal certainty. In this regard, considering the regulation in England may be useful. In addition, to provide qualified protection for registered trade names, two issues shall be regulated. Firstly, the right owners of registered trade names should have a right to object to an application of registration. Secondly, the registrar should have an authorization to make a change to trade names. In this regard, registrars should have a “too similarity assessment” authority and any similarity objection should be evaluated by a conflict resolution centre. 6. The provision in art. 6/6 of SMK (Industrial Property Act) number of 6769 should be accepted for trade names by considering the registration procedure of trade names. In this regard, right owners on other commercial names may object to the registration of trade names to the same conflict resolution centre that the registered trade name owners object as well. 7. Competent authorities for trade names and TÜRKPATENT do not cooperate in the evaluation of registry application as to whether the application violates registered trademarks, trade names and business names or vice versa. Additionally, there is no registry for business names. It could be useful to improve cooperation among competent registration authorities of trade names and intellectual property rights.

Ticaret Unvanlarının Tescili Aşamasında Ortaya Çıkan Sorunlar ve Çözüm Önerileri -Karşılaştırmalı Bir İnceleme-

Nejat

Wardship is regulated under the title of “wardship” in the Third Part of the Second Book of Turkish Civil Code titled Family Law. In articles 396-494 of the Civil Code, regulations on restricting the persons in need of protection, which are called narrow tutelage, are included. The purpose of our study is to examine some of the current problems related to the temporary protection measures given by the court during the restriction and wardship process within the scope of these regulations and the custody measure comment which is often applied by the courts to express all such measures. However, these measures are sometimes applied to even after the appointment of a guardian, and similar problems are encountered in the measures taken with or after the restriction decision. Therefore, other measures related to wardship law are mentioned in our study as appropriate. Essentially, the interim measures provided for in TCC Art. 420, which are examined in detail below, are intended to provide temporary legal protection within the period until the relevant decision is taken and a guardian is appointed. For this reason, in cases of necessity in the interim period, judges and temporary legal protections are decided upon for the works and transactions that the guardian will perform at the time or in the future. The law does not define a custody/wardship measure between temporary legal protections. TCC art. 420/1 sets out in general terms that the guardianship authority may take interim measures required by guardianship duties before the appointment of a guardian. An example of temporary measures in the regulation is the temporary abolition of the capacity of the restricted candidate and the appointment of a representative. Accordingly, the wardship authority shall take the necessary measures ex officio before the appointment of the guardian, if wardship affairs are required; in particular, he may temporarily remove the person’s capacity to act and appoint a representative to him/her. It is understood from the phrase especially in the provision that the measures that can be taken by the court are not limited to these, and other measures may be taken due to the nature of the issue. Besides, according to the TCC art. 420, the person who has avoided wardship or who has objected to the appointment of guardian is obliged to carry out the duties of the guardian until another person is appointed. As discussed in detail below, the intention is to ensure as far as possible the well-being of people who are in a limited sense of custody in certain situations of weakness, and to protect them from the effects of these situations. The law is based on the assumption that necessary protection will be provided by the appointment of a guardian to the person who is in such situations of weakness and the custody provisions become effective from this moment on. This is because the final protection of the court will be ensured. Indeed, TCC m 419/1 regulates that wardship authority is obliged to appoint a guardian without delay. The purpose of the provision is to ensure&nbsp;the protection of the person concerned as soon as possible. However, in any case, there will be a short or long trial process until the guardian is appointed. In cases where a restriction decision is required to appoint a guardian, due to the nature of the work, the restriction decision will have to wait. Naturally, it will take time to find a suitable guardian. During this period, it may be necessary to decide on certain tasks such as having the limited candidate undergo emergency surgery, placement in an institution or following up a case or collecting the receivable for health reasons and monitoring the works required by the decision. The temporary legal protections provided for by this article (TCC art. 420) allow the necessary actions to be taken to protect the person concerned during this interim period. Because of this, in the period before the abolition of the wardship institution in Switzerland, the abolition of the capacity to act as a temporary legal protection measure and the appointment of a representative was called a temporary restriction in practice. This legal protection measure, which aims to ensure the protection of the restricted by the restriction decision and the use of the restricted candidate within the period from the appointment of a guardian, should not be called a temporary restriction.

Vesayet Hukukunda Geçici Hukuki Korumalar ve Vesayet Tedbir Şerhi Uygulaması

Rıfat Murat

Işık

State of necessity is a legal concept, which is of importance for both criminal and civil liability. It relieves the perpetrator of an act from criminal liability and deems the act lawful in the context of civil liability. Nonetheless the scope of the concept is not uniform for criminal and civil law: An act may be considered one of necessity within the context of criminal law, whereas not within the context of civil law. This discrepancy is acceptable, albeit not ideal, in light of the principle of unity of the legal order, as it is not uncommon for the same term to mean different things in different branches of law. The interaction between civil and criminal law within the context of necessity’s legal nature is however more problematic. Due to the principle of unity of the legal order, an act is either lawful or wrongful in the eyes of the whole legal order. This means that deeming an act lawful in one branch of law would lead to consequences for another. An inquiry on the legal nature of state of necessity therefore requires a holistic approach. This article deals with the problem of necessity’s legal nature with that in focus and explores the interaction between civil law and criminal law within this context. State of necessity constitutes a ground for justification under civil law (Turkish Code of Obligations Art. 63, para. 2). A state of necessity in civil law exists if a person deliberately inflicts damage on another person’s assets in order to avert an imminent danger directed to a considerably higher interest, which could not have been avoided otherwise. Such a lawful act may nevertheless trigger an obligation to compensate the damage (Turkish Code of Obligations Art. 64, para. 2) for the person who has benefited from the intervention by evading the danger. In cases of dispute, it is up to the court to decide whether and to what extent the damage must be compensated. Under § 4, the regulation and legal nature of necessity under Turkish Penal Code (TPC) is discussed. At the time of the previous Penal Code, necessity was very widely regarded as a justification. The entry into force of the new Penal Code (Law no. 5237) caused great debate around the nature of the new provision embodied in TPC Art. 25 (2). The wording of the provision and a systematic method of interpretation do not lead to a definitive result. As a consequence, two main views emerged. The seemingly&nbsp;(narrowly) prevailing view argues that necessity does not constitute a justification, but either an excuse or a ground precluding culpability. In both cases, Art. 223 (3) (b) of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CCP) would apply since this provision does not distinguish between excuses and grounds precluding culpability. On the other hand, numerous writers still argue that necessity constitutes a justification. We are of the opinion that Art. 25 (2) TPC lays down a ground precluding culpability. This is confirmed by the official reasoning of the provision, and the caselaw of the Court of Cassation. Whereas neither the reasoning nor the case-law is binding, we base our view on the clear wording of Art 223 (3) (b) which provides that in case of necessity no punishment shall be imposed on the defendant due to a lack of culpability. In cases where a justification enters into play, Art. 223 (2) (d) shall apply, and the defendant shall be acquitted. Surely, it can be (and has been) argued that a provision of the PPC is not the place where the legal qualification of a provision of the TPC shall be made. Yet, that is what the lawmaker has done. Therefore, even when a perpetrator acts under a state of necessity, his or her act is still criminal, but - in the words of CPP Art. 223 (3) (b) - ‘there is no need to inflict punishment’. The reason for a lack of punishment is the abnormality in the formation of the perpetator’s motive in the face of a grave and imminent danger, which creates a difference in the value judgment to be passed over culpability, and leads to the conclusion that he or is she does not deserve punishment. On the other hand, it cannot be argued that it is impossible to qualify TPC Art. 25 (2) as a justification by virtue of Turkish Code of Obligations Art. 64 (2): whereas it is argued that by reserving the right to demand damages Art. 64 (2) implicitly accepts the unlawful nature of the act, this is not true! That provision is based on equity, and not on the unlawful nature of the act. We conclude that the state of necessity does not constitute a justification in criminal law, and therefore, where Art. 25 (2) TPC applies, the judgment to be rendered is not an acquittal, but a decision that infliction of punishment is not required. Nonetheless in cases where the act qualifies as one performed in a state of necessity from a civil law perspective, the act shall also be deemed lawful in terms of criminal law and the court shall decide for acquittal.

Hukuk Düzeninin Birliği İlkesi Çerçevesinde Zorunluluk Hâlinin Hukukî Niteliği

Sıtkı Anlam

Markanın Kullanılmaması Nedeniyle Hükümsüzlüğü Davasında Markayı Kullanma Yükümlülüğünün Başlangıç Anına İlişkin Sorunlar ve Çözüm Önerileri

Zeynep

In the aftermath of the June 26th 2016 referendum, the United Kingdom (UK) has invoked article 50 of the Treaty on the European Union’s (EU) withdrawal process relying on the act of parliament of March 16th 2017. This act has triggered a unique process as no other EU has member state has officially invoked article 50 before. EU member states, starting from their candidacy period must harmonise and align their national legislation with EU law. The UK, as a member state, has accepted, transposed and implemented EU law for more than forty-five years. Hence the process that started with the invocation of article 50 is one that may lead to significant changes and loopholes in the British legal order as the UK has been subject to EU acquis during its membership. Competition law is one the most complete and harmonised areas of EU law. According to article 3 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), competition falls under the exclusive competence of the Union. Furthermore, until the adoption of Regulation 1/2003, only EU institutions could implement EU competition law, leaving only national competition law to the competence of national authorities and courts. This framework, combined with the principle of harmonious interpretation, accorded EU institutions and courts a central role in the enforcement and development of competition policy. This article examines the consequences of the UK’s withdrawal from the EU with regard to competition law and enforcement. The first part of the article discusses the possible consequences of UK’s withdrawal with an economic or trade deal with the EU for competition law. The EU has developed several levels of economic integration with neighbouring and nonneighbouring countries such as customs union agreements, free trade agreements or cooperation agreements. The first part of the article examines these different bilateral and mixed agreements and displays their implications for competition law and policy. Furthermore, the article discusses whether these agreements, in general or in terms of their specific aspects, could be a model for future economic relations between the UK and the EU. The latest Withdrawal Agreement which was rejected in October 2019 and its implications for economic cooperation are also briefly analysed in this first part. This analysis leads to the conclusion that the economic cooperation foreseen in this Agreement presents a combination of several different elements found in various bilateral agreements entered into by the EU and aims to apply differentiated levels of integration in different geographies, especially in Northern Ireland which may have interesting implications for enforcement of competition law. The second part of the article stresses the necessity of transitional arrangements for an orderly and healthy withdrawal in terms of competition law. This part focuses mostly on ongoing proceedings and the possibility of applying EU competition law in the UK throughout the transition period. This discussion also underlines the importance of determining the conditions under which EU competition law may be applied, most importantly as part of the competence of the EU Commission and Courts, to behaviours of&nbsp;undertakings that have taken place within the membership period or the transition period but have been discovered after the membership has ended. Finally, the article examines the problems and predicaments of a no deal exit with regard to substantive competition law, the exemption system, private enforcement of competition law, the control of mergers and acquisitions, state aids and the administrative structure. A no deal exit will lead to significant uncertainties with regard to enforcement and interpretation of competition law which will mostly be observed in the internal UK legal order. The article discusses the measures that may be taken by the UK legislator and authorities in order avert legal uncertainty. Some of the suggestions put forward in this part rely on the examples of economic cooperation discussed in the first part of the article. The article also refers to and discusses elements contained in those withdrawal agreements that have been rejected by the UK Parliament that may be relevant to the effect of EU law generally and EU competition law specifically in the UK after Brexit.

Birleşik Krallık’ın Avrupa Birliği Üyeliğinden Çıkmasının Rekabet Hukuku ve Uygulaması Bakımından Sonuçları ve Açmazları

Berk Hasan

Türkiye ve Güney Kıbrıs Rum Yönetimi’nin Kıbrıs Adası’nın Batısındaki Deniz Alanları Üzerindeki Çakışan Taleplerinin İncelenmesi

Levent Emre

In this paper, the crime of “Failure by Medical Professionals to Report an Offence” in Article 280 of the Turkish Criminal Code numbered 5237, is evaluated through the examination of its protected legal value, its objective and subjective elements, the legal justifications and excuses applicable to the crime, the issues of attempt, aggregation, participation and the adjudication procedure of the crime. The crime aims to protect the effectiveness of judicial functions, with the purposes of providing an effective investigation of crimes, realizing the purposes of criminal law, and protecting public order. Pursuant to Art. 280, only a person who is a medical professional may commit the crime. The definition of the term “medical professional” is to be solved in light of the relevant legislation, especially the Codes numbered 657 and 1219. This paper argues that medical professionals in both public and private sectors may be perpetrators, even though the prevailing opinion is that only medical professionals who are not public officials may commit Art. 280. There are no limitations as to which types of offences the medical professionals must encounter for the obligation to report to be born, except the case of effective remorse in the crime found in Article 191. The patient of the medical professional may be the perpetrator, the victim or a mere witness. However, the encountered offence must constitute a crime, therefore misdemeanors or torts do not create the obligation to report. The medical professional must encounter an indication pointing towards the commission of an offence. The term “indication” used in the original letter of the law points towards material evidence, which caused the Turkish literature on the crime to argue that only encountering material and circumstantial evidence would cause the obligation to report, but statements or documents pointing to the offence do not. However, this paper is in the view that such a distinction was not the aim of the legislator and would lead to erroneous consequences. After encountering an indication in the course of duty as a medical professional, the failure to notify or delay in doing so constitutes the crime in Article 280. The meaning of authorities shall be interpreted in accordance with Art. 158 of the Criminal Procedure Code. There is a delay when significant obstacles in the investigation occur because of the failure to report. The crime may be committed with direct or probable intent. In any case, the intent must extend to all objective elements of the crime. The right to be silent may be exercised with regards to crimes committed by individuals covered by the right. However, in light of Art. 23 of the Regulation on&nbsp;Patient Rights, the patient-doctor privilege may not be asserted when a legal obligation in conflict exists. While medical doctors are required to report the indication they have encountered, they may be excused from testifying pursuant to Art. 46 of the Criminal Procedure Code. Lastly, the will of the individual from whom the crime is learnt is insignificant, even when that individual is the victim and the investigation of the crime is bound to legal complaint. Rules of attempt may not be applied to Art. 280 because of the crime’s nature. Additionally, the crime may only be perpetrated by medical professionals, but other individuals who do not hold this title may participate in the commission of the crime by aiding to or instigating the commission. A discussion exists whether Arts. 278, 279 and 280 have the relationship of general and specific norms. The view presented in this paper is that Art. 278 is a general norm to both 279 and 280, but such a relationship may not be established between the latter two. The issue of aggregation of these two types of crimes is to be solved through the application of the rules of conceptual aggregation. Other possible crimes to be aggregated with Art. 280 are Art. 257 (misconduct of duty by a public official), Art. 252 (bribery) and Art. 210 (falsification of an official document). The punishment prescribed in Art. 280 is imprisonment to one year. As this is a short-term prison sentence, it may be converted to alternative sanctions pursuant to Art. 50 of the TCC. Additionally, the announcement of the sentence may be deferred in line with the rules provided in Art. 231 of the Criminal Procedure Code, or the execution of the sentence may be deferred pursuant to Art. 51 of the TCC.

Sağlık Mesleği Mensuplarının Suçu Bildirmemesi Suçu (TCK m 280)

Harun

Administrative law, a branch of law that regulates the decision-making and rulemaking activities of administrative authorities, typically deals with the structures, duties and powers of administrative units on a large scale, as well as the methods and procedures that these units follow in the course of their activities, and their supervision. As for the function of administrative law, two main approaches are emphasized in the doctrine, namely, protecting the rights and interests of individuals and contributing to the effective provision of public services. In the doctrine, British public lawyers Carol Harlow and Richard Rawlings developed “the traffic-light metaphor” as an approach to the function of administrative law. In their traffic- light metaphor, while Harlow and Rawlings acknowledge the existence of “amber-light theory”, in terms of the function of administrative law, they basically put forth two theories, which are “red-light theory” and “green-light theory”. Red light theory, developed for the function of administrative law, defends the strong role of judicial supervision in investigating the activities of administrative authorities. The main goal of the red light theory is to control the activities of the administration in order to protect the rights and freedoms of individuals. At the heart of the said control is judicial control, which is conducted through the courts. In contrast to the red light theory, the green light theory argues that the function of administrative law is to facilitate the functioning of the administration, with the belief that administrative authorities will operate most efficiently when outside interventions are minimized. According to the green light theory, which provides a social and democratic perspective for the activities of the state –more specifically for the administration– administrative law should play a facilitating and auxiliary role for the administration in order to meet the needs of individuals and increase their satisfaction. The main purpose of the amber light theory as a third theory is to enable the effective implementation of democratic and political control mechanisms as well as judicial control. In amber light theory, the importance of judicial supervision, which forms the basis of red light theory, is not denied, but it is argued that the role of this supervision should be limited. This is because the strict approach of the judiciary in the face of the increasing needs of society may harm the administration›s duty to meet the needs of individuals by operating effectively. From this point of view, the amber light theory points on the one hand to the importance of judicial control as in the red light theory, while on the other hand, it emphasizes the need to balance the supervision to be conducted for the purpose of meeting the needs of individuals as required, which is the target of green light theory It should be noted that administrative law should have a function to ensure that the rights and freedoms of individuals are secured by keeping the administration within the boundaries of the law through the control mechanisms of the administration, while facilitating the proper fulfillment of the needs of individuals. Based on this, it can be said that the two inseparable functions of administrative law are to contribute to the proper provision of services as well as keeping the administration under control. Therefore, the ideal situation, “as accepted in the amber light theory”, is that administrative law has a structure capable of performing both functions.

İdare Hukukunun İşlevine Yönelik Bir Yaklaşım: “Trafik Işığı Metaforu”

Abuzer

Prof. Dr.

Res. Assist. Dr.

Pursuant to Article 169 of the TCC, temporary measures offer legal protection and prevent conflict between parties during proceedings from the filing of a divorce case until the legal effect of the decision.With the filing of a divorce case, spouses have the right to suspend the joint household. This measure is not based on the decision of the judge, and whether the divorce case is disputed or uncontested is not a decisive factor. Furthermore, the right to live separately exists independently of whether the related case is justified or not. As a rule, the right of spouses to live separately will end with the legal effect of the decision to dismiss the divorce case or the withdrawal of the case.&nbsp;While evaluating the allocation of the use of the family home, the criterion of fitness for purpose should be considered, regardless of the fault status regarding the ground for divorce. Who owns the property right or limited right in rem on the common residence or who is a party to the debt relationship (e.g., lease agreement) on which the possession is based is insignificant. As the marital union continues to exist throughout the divorce proceedings, all protective provisions regarding the family home shall continue to be effective as long as the relevant immovable maintains that characteristic. If this protection is deemed insufficient in the concrete case, the judge can take any necessary temporary legal protection regarding the immovable property without any obstacles.The notable criteria for determination of precautionary maintenance are the needs of the spouses and their ability to pay. In the calculation of the amount of the minimum needs (subsistence) of the spouses, both the expenses owing to the suspension of the joint household and continuation of the marital union will be taken into consideration. Pursuant to Article 169 of the TCC, the other of the two main elements for the calculation of cautionary maintenance is the income of the spouses. The concept of income includes both earnings and asset returns (e.g., rents or interest). Pursuant to Article 169 of the TCC, the precautionary maintenance shall be calculated based on the difference between the minimum needs of the spouses—determined within the framework of the principles—and the income of the spouses. Moreover, pursuant to Article 169 of the TCC, when deciding on the precautionary maintenance, who is at fault is not considered in the facts alleged as the ground for divorce.In Article 169 of the TCC, the legislator mentions the measures regarding management of the property of the spouses among those that the judge can consider ex officio during continuation of the divorce or separation proceedings. Thus, if a spouse, who has the authority to freely use, benefit, and dispose of the assets that he or she owns in accordance with the marital property regime of participation in acquired property, violates the interests of the other spouse while exercising those powers or the obligation to provide information, the transition to separation of property can be decided. However, it is possible only if it complies with the principles of necessity, appropriateness, and proportionality, such as other measures in Article 169 of the TCC. Moreover, the judge can ex officio order restrictions on the power of disposal and payment of debtors of one spouse to the other spouse, which are essentially regulated in the law as measures to protect the marital union. While making such decisions, the characteristics of the fact that a divorce case has been filed should be considered.The judge can rule ex officio, i.e., without the need for any request, on the temporary legal measures that are necessary during divorce proceedings, i.e., those related to the spouses. During divorce proceedings, the judge can rule on any proportionate temporary measures, if needed. The provisional measures to be taken regarding the spouses during divorce proceedings are subject to a simplified procedure. Pursuant to Article 169 of the TCC, the decision on provisional measures can be rendered at the earliest when the divorce case is filed and can be effective at that time. The temporary measures taken pursuant to Article 169 of the TCC shall be effective until the legal effect of the divorce decision. Moreover, provisional measures pursuant to Article 169 of the TCC, which do not constitute a final judgment, can be amended during the proceedings.&nbsp;

TMK M. 169 Uyarınca Boşanma Davası Süresince Eşlere İlişkin Alınan Geçici Önlemler

Muhammet

Nilüfer

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Articles 105 through 113 of the Turkish Code of Civil Procedure (CCP) regulate the types of lawsuits. However, these regulations do not have a limiting nature. A type of lawsuit is also found that is not explicitly included in the law and is referred to as an unseasonal (untimely/early) lawsuit, particularly with regard to judicial decisions and partially with respect to doctrine. The law makes no mention of this type of unseasonal lawsuit (untimely lawsuit/early lawsuit) nor provide any characterization. While accepted by judicial decisions, this type of lawsuit has also not been defined in these judicial decisions, and the conditions for this lawsuit are nowhere to be found. Based on the decisions, unseasonal lawsuits are understood to be used for receivables or claims that are not yet at the stage of being able to be claimed pursuant to various laws. In terms of unseasonal actions, a particular problem arises when addressing the dismissal of the lawsuit. This issue has been discussed and brought to the agenda, especially as the subject of a recent Unification of Jurisprudence Decision dated February 18, 2022. According to the judicial decisions, a lawsuit that is filed prematurely should be dismissed. However, whether the decision to dismiss this type of lawsuit is procedural or substantive is a matter of debate and needs to be evaluated. In judicial decisions, the unseasonal lawsuit is mostly dismissed procedurally on the basis of lack of legal interest. However, some judicial decisions have also observed that, in the event of the existence of an unseasonal lawsuit, a decision of dismissal is made based on the merits.In terms of civil procedural law, the procedural or substantive dismissal of a lawsuit is subject to different conditions and consequences. In judicial decisions, however, the current aspect of the debate on whether to dismiss an unseasonal lawsuit procedurally or on its merits is based on the more practical and pragmatic reason of how to determine the attorney’s fees rather than on any fundamental approach or perspective. In the event that an unseasonal lawsuit is dismissed procedurally, a lump sum attorney’s fee will have to be decided upon in accordance with the Paragraph 2 of Article 7 of the Attorney Minimum Fee Tariff. If the case is dismissed on merits, a proportional attorney’s fee is to be awarded.The Unification of Jurisprudence Decision dated February 18, 2022 decided that, in a lawsuit filed for a receivable that is not yet due, whether it is due or not is a matter to be evaluated ex officio and at every stage of the lawsuit within the scope of the legal interest as a condition of the lawsuit. With this case-law unification decision, a legal characterization has emerged where the due date is a litigation condition dependent on legal interest. Whether the receivable is due and whether the condition is met require an assessment of the substantive law. In an unseasonable lawsuit, the defendant asserts and proves that the claim is not yet due or that the condition has not yet been fulfilled. Claims regarding the maturity or condition may be asserted through defenses or objections. The ex officio consideration of these periods related to substantive law arises not from the fact that they are procedural conditions of action but from the fact that they have the nature of objections based on merit.Explaining conditional or contingent receivables through the concepts of cause of action and legal benefit may cause problems in terms of enforcement and bankruptcy law. Enforcement law and civil procedural law are two complementary fields. Enforcement law is an extension of civil procedural law. If one accepts conditional receivables or due receivables as a condition of litigation, the enforcement office will have to take the condition and due date into consideration ex officio during the enforcement proceedings.The decision to dismiss an unseasonal lawsuit only involves a determination that the receivable cannot yet be claimed. In an unseasonal lawsuit, the existence or nonexistence of the original receivable is not evaluated. A decision has not yet been made regarding the receivable whose right to be claimed has not yet occurred. Although not applicable to all unseasonal lawsuits, this study has the opinion that a lawsuit that is filed before the condition is realized or before the maturity date has occurred should be dismissed for the time being in terms of receivables subject to condition or maturity. In the case of a claim for a future performance, the claimant’s claim is not yet recognizable, and the claimant must wait until the due date. This decision is no final and definitive rejection of the claim. The dismissal of the lawsuit for the time being is a final procedural decision and not a final definitive rejection of the claim. Therefore, once the condition is fulfilled or the due date has been reached, the lawsuit may be reopened without facing the objection of res judicata. The procedural dismissal of unseasonal cases with a decision of dismissal for the time being will also resolve the issue of whether the attorney’s fee will be fixed or proportional. Because unseasonable lawsuits are generally evaluated based on the concepts of substantive law and not procedural law, the realization of the condition, the arrival of the due date, or the expiration of the period after the lawsuit is filed are considered as new facts. Therefore, after the lawsuit is filed, facts such as the realization of the condition and the maturity or expiration of the term can be asserted by the parties as a rule without being subject to any prohibition regarding changing the claim and/or defense.

Mevsimsiz (Zamansız/Erken) Davanın Yargı Kararları Kapsamında Değerlendirilmesi

Sümeyye

Articles 659-668 of the Turkish Civil Code No. 4721 (TCC) had regulated the provisions on the sharing of inheritance in inheritance cases involving agricultural lands or agricultural enterprises. However, Law No. 6537 repealed these relevant articles of the TCC and moved the regulations of these cases under the Soil Conservation and Land Use Law No. 5403 (SCLUL). As a rule, immovables are allocated to one of the heirs based on the actual (market, current) value at the time of distributing the inheritance. Inheritance cases involving agricultural lands are an exception, as the property is allocated based on the income value (Art. 657 TCC, Art. 8/C, f. 2/a of the SCLUL). The definition and calculation of the income-based value is not legally regulated but provisions on how to do this are made in the Regulation on the Transfer of Ownership of Agricultural Lands (RTOAL). In 2014, the regulations regarding the TCC provisions on agricultural immovables in SCLUL also detailed the income value basis. In December 2021, many changes were also made to the provisions in RTOAL on how agricultural lands are to be evaluated.The income-based value of agricultural land is often considerably lower than its real (market/fair) value. This study presents solutions to the existing problems regarding how agricultural lands subject to inheritance laws are allocated to heirs based on income evaluations. The difference in value between the income-based evaluation and market value creates a breach of interest, especially for the heirs other than the one to whom the agricultural land is to be allocated. However, this study is of the opinion that this situation should be evaluated within the framework of the purposes for which the income capitalization method was adopted, because applying the value obtained using the income capitalization method is more appropriate with regard to maintaining objectivity, protecting the financial status of the competent heir to whom the agricultural land is allocated, and ensuring in relation to this continuity in the agricultural system. However, adopting the income capitalization method when allocating agricultural lands does not justify the gap that exists between the incomebased value and the market value. In this respect, importance is had in updating the data from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) and Ministry over shorter time frames and in increasing the number of academic studies to be conducted in the&nbsp;region in order to determine the correct capitalization interest rate and to evaluate the enhancement factors regarding objective value. In addition, having experts be experts in their field and make comparisons on the market value of a large number of similar agricultural lands based on the market approach and annual net income would be more appropriate in order to create a balance between the income-based and actual market values.The legislation contains no provision limiting a competent heir to whom agricultural land has been allocated from transferring its ownership at market value. In other words, a competent heir who has been allocated agricultural land based on the estimated income value may transfer said land to a third party subject to a barter agreement or put it up as capital in a company. Therefore, this competent heir will be able to obtain as much profit as the difference between the income-based value and the value determined in the relevant agreement under which the obligation to transfer ownership is undertaken. In this context, the claim should be accepted that profit has been purposefully obtained by interpreting the provision of the Law on the increase in value due to non-agricultural use (Art. 8/C/V TKAKK). However, this article is of the opinion that regulating a legislative provision would be more appropriate in which the profit to be obtained due to the transfer of agricultural land by a competent heir can also be claimed by the other heirs in proportion to their inheritance shares.In addition to all these suggestions, legislators should consider giving the outright ownership of agricultural lands to all heirs by granting usufruct rights to the competent heir and deducting the value of the usufruct right from the inheritance share. Choosing this method will both prevent the violation of the interests of other heirs due to agricultural lands not being allocated at their actual market value as well as ensure continuity in agriculture wherein competent heirs actually cultivate the agricultural lands. However, calculating the usufruct value should not be forgotten to also fall within the scope of evaluation. Therefore,the problems that arise when making income-based evaluations will obviously also arise with regard to the acceptance of usufruct rights. In addition, because inheritance shares not being terminated when applying usufruct rights may increase the likelihood of disputes, more problems are likely to occur than when using the income capitalization method. As a result, this study believes that, instead of granting usufruct rights to competent heirs regarding agricultural lands subject to inheritance, allocation should be made based on the value obtained by the income capitalization method within the scope of the solution proposals presented in the study.

Mirasa Konu Tarımsal Arazilerde Gelir Esaslı Değerin Yarattığı Sorunlar

The ambiguity regarding many areas of constitutional law following the 2017 Amendments to the Turkish Constitution is also apparent in lawmaking. Annulling the executive branch’s power to introduce bills has raised questions regarding the executive branch’s role in the initial stages of lawmaking. The purpose of this paper is to clarify some of these issues by presenting and discussing the role of the executive and legislative branches of government in the initial stages of lawmaking (i.e., the preparation of bills).The paper identifies two main services in the initial stages of lawmaking: (i) assistance in obtaining information and conducting research in order to determine the necessity for enacting legislation and (ii) the preparation of draft bills that are technically accurate, that express concepts accurately, and that take into account existing enactments. The evaluation regarding the roles of the two branches of government is limited to these two services, and the study presents two sets of research questions: (i) Which mechanisms does the TBMM have access to in terms of the two services mentioned above, and is the TBMM’s institutional capacity sufficient for carrying out these services adequately? (ii) Has the executive organ been empowered to play a role in bill preparation through these two services as a result of the 2017 Constitutional Amendments, and if so, what are the legal limits to such power?Part I of the paper focuses on the mechanisms that Parliamentarians wield through Parliament. For this purpose, the paper presents and briefly analyzes the different mechanisms through which Parliament can obtain information for determining the necessity of enacting a law under three sections: (i) the constitutional mechanisms for obtaining information, (ii) the powers of the administrative staff of the TBMM&nbsp;&nbsp;in terms of conducting research and obtaining information, and (iii) the mechanisms regarding parliamentary committees. Lastly, the paper presents information on the assistance for legislative drafting as provided by the TBMM administrative staff, along with statistical data.Part II of the paper questions the power the executive organ has to play a role in the preparation of bills and the legal bases for this power. Firstly, the paper explores the legal limits for the sources of bills and the possibilities the executive organ has for producing information and draft legislation. The paper then examines the meaning, extent, and practice regarding the presidential power of recommendation, exploring whether this power can be interpreted as the constitutional foundation of the executive role and its assistance in preparing bills. Part III of the paper examines the regulations on executive drafting before and after the 2017 Constitutional Amendments and questions whether the regulations that are in force encompass legislative drafting in the aftermath of the amendments.Part IV of the paper puts forth the advantages and disadvantages of the executive branch’s involvement in the preparation of bills in the aftermath of the 2017 Constitutional Amendments. The paper identifies uncertainties and problematic issues and presents recommendations. Firstly, the article puts forth the advantages that the executive branch holds and what its participation contributes to the procedure. Secondly, this section identifies the need to regulate the power of recommendation and what the legal limits to such possible regulations are. Furthermore, the article identifies and considers the problems that have been encountered in terms of transparency, as well as the lack of the necessary checks and balances in the current governmental system. Finally, the article evaluates the sufficiency of the TBMM’s institutional capacity regarding personnel infrastructure and its capacity to obtain information and conduct research.

2017 Anayasa Değişiklikleri Sonrasında Türkiye’de Kanun Tekliflerinin Hazırlanmasında Yasama ve Yürütmenin Rolü

Gökhan

Assist. Prof. Dr.

The issue of nullifying a judgment is one of the most arguable subjects in criminal procedural law. According to the prevailing opinion in the literature on criminal procedural law, judgments that are afflicted with particularly obvious defects are incapable of producing the intended effects due to consequences contrary to the general structure of criminal procedural law. Recognizing the validity of such judgments is to be refused due to being clearly intolerable for the legal community as a result of the extent and weight of their defects. Nullifying a judgment allows the recognition of a court judgment to be refused, thus allowing everyone (e.g., courts and enforcement authorities) to ignore said judgment without further judicial elimination proceedings. The supporters of this opinion use the term nullification to refer to the absence of the legal effects of a judgment. However, providing an exhaustive list of defects that constitute nullification is impossible.Whether a judgment given by a criminal court may be acceptably deemed to nullified due to the nature of the defects it contains and therefore also be incapable of having any legal consequences is an important issue to explain in terms of the theory of judicial proceedings. In the case of the acceptance of the nullification of a judgment given by an empowered court, apart from the judgment being considered unlawful by classification of the qualification of illegality, questions such as the criteria by which the qualification is made and the persons or authorities who are authorized to make this classification are to be answered in accordance with the criminal procedural system adopting the audit of legal remedy.As a judicial proceeding, judgments appear in the legal world through the occurrence of material, voluntary, and formal conditions. A judgment that contains these conditions legally subsists without having importance to whether its context is legally correct or not or whether it has complied with criminal procedural principles or not. In a criminal procedural system that foreseen an audit of legal remedy, the legal nullification of a judgment may be unaccepted regardless of the qualification of its illegality. An opinion that differs from the foreseen system of criminal procedure regarding the illegality of a judgment and basing this on the inconvenience of a judgment resulting in any legal consequences upon being rendered are undesirable for legal security. In this respect, regardless of the qualification of the illegality of a&nbsp;judgment a judicial authority has handed down, this illegality is to be resolved in an audit of legal remedy.As a result, the Turkish criminal procedural system is not designed to be able to reveal the legal consequences from a judgment being nullified. Due to the principle of legal security, the judgments courts hand down have an essential authority. The illegalities of these are eliminated through the audit of legal remedy, which is the accepted control mechanism in the structural scope of the criminal procedural system. One category is found that indicates how the nullification of a judgment is not predicated in the Criminal Procedural Code. The Criminal Procedural Code does not include nullification with regard to any illegality of judgment; regardless of the qualification of the illegality, the code has decided that all illegalities shall be discussed in an appeal and audit of legal remedy. In this respect and distinct from the illegalities subject to legal remedy, no reasons for nullification can be mentioned that refer to self-invalidity or that have foreseen a criterion of distinction. The category of nullifying a judgment is unnecessary in the Turkish legal system, as it particularly includes the Chief Public Prosecutor Objection and the Reversal in Favor of the Law as extraordinary legal remedies, thus revealing the Turkish legal system to have a more comprehensive system of audit of legal remedy comparted to German criminal procedural law.

Ceza Muhakemesinde Hükmün Yokluğu Sorunu

Koray

Zoning plans can be said to be technical legal documents composed of written and visual materials for defining the spatial characteristic and functional identity of urban settlements. In the other words, the priority aim of zoning plans is to afford an urban settlement’s spatial, ecological, sociocultural, and economic necessities. Zoning plans are also regulatory documents that assist in making healthy livable settlements.In this context, zoning plans depend on the relationships between legislative knowledge, which is necessarily composed of formal obligations, and the planning criteria and principles of urbanism, which consist of subjective and objective qualifications. Therefore, planning criteria and the principles of urbanism principles can be viewed as the criteria for a subjective and objective review of zoning plans as one of the main tools of regulatory documents regarding property rights.According to the literature on the judicial review of zoning plans, zoning plans are seen to have been examined in terms of plans types, special purpose plans, the hierarchical order between plans and authority, responsible procedures, and the principles of urban planning. The source of these judicial reviews is based on the knowledge of national legislation alongside the status of council decisions regarding the national dimension, as well as internationally on the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights.This paper attempts to determine and detail the context and contents of the planning criteria and principles of urbanism by benefitting from the literature on legislative knowledge, urban planning, and law. In this framework, the study is designed to be a systematic guide regarding planning criteria and the principles of urbanism for resolving disputes related to zoning plans.As a result of this paper, a guide has been created regarding planning criteria and the principles of urbanism composed of seven criteria based on the planning literature and on the legal knowledge of planning criteria and the principles of urbanism. The first criterion entails that zoning plans should be prepared in terms of the eligibility of the planning methods and techniques in the context of legislative obligations and the planning literature. These methods and techniques should be composed of successive stages that involve the design of the scenario, including vision and strategies, survey and analysis, synthesis, planning implementation and monitoring, controls, and revision. These stages are referred to as the spatial planning process in the urbanism literature. The second criterion is that integrity and continuity should exist among a zoning plan’s plan, legend, plan report, and plan notes. This also pertains to the integrity and continuity of plan decisions in the context of land use and the transportation system regarding the density in zoning plans.The third criterion is that zoning plans should provide knowledge on the required details with respect to the function and scale differentiation of the plan. In this framework, the decision contents of zoning plans regarding the different scales and types should show the differences in terms of their scales and types of plans. The fourth criterion states that zoning plans should have a hierarchical order from the upper scale to the lower scale between zoning plans. In the other words, lower scale plans should be prepared in accordance with the upper scale plan’s decisions. The fifth criterion states that the distribution of sociocultural services and technical infrastructure in zoning plans should be balanced and also should meet the sociocultural requirements in the context of legal obligations. The sixth criteria states that zoning plans’ spatial, functional, and demographic decisions should be in accordance with the site-specific conditions of the planning zone. Lastly, the seventh criterion states that all decisions in zoning plans should be objective in terms of how they distribute public services on private property. It is considered that this guide as a criteria set can be contributed subjectively, objectively, and technically to resolving disputes related to zoning plans.

İmar Planlarının Yargısal Denetim Sürecine Katkı: Planlama Esasları-Şehircilik İlkeleri İçin Rehber Önerisi

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İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi tarafından yayımlanmaktadır.
İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası’nda, hukuk ve/veya hukuk ile ilişki kuran bilimsel disiplinler alanlarında, özgün akademik çalışmalara yaslanan, teorik veyahut uygulamalı; toplum içindeki davranış ve ilişkilerin değerlendirilmesi, hukuk sistemleri, makale, karar incelemeleri, mevzuat tahlili-tahkiki, hukukî matbuatın değerlendirilmesini konu edinen (müspet-menfi) eleştirel metinler, tercümeler dolayısıyla ulusal ve uluslararası ölçeğe teşmil olabilecek çalışmalar yayımlanmaktadır.
Bu çerçevede Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası’nda; (i) Hukuk kuramını genişleten ve hukukî uygulamaların teorik zeminini besleyen; (ii) gerek akademik gerekse de bir erk olarak yargının usûllerini (metodoloji) tahlil ve gerektiğinde teşrih edici; (iii) özel ya da kamusal bağlamda topluma geniş çaplı etki eden hukuksal tefekkürün, fiillerin, süreçlerin, simgelerin vb. mevcudiyetini irdeleyen; (iv) başta hukukî olmak üzere ele alınan konuyu sosyolojik, siyasal, psikolojik, felsefî, ahlâkî, coğrafî, tarihsel yanlarıyla da tahlil edebilecek metinlere yer verilmektedir.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Fethi

Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)

EBSCO

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TR Dizin

DOAJ

SOBIAD

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İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası

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İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, yayın dili Türkçe, İngilizce olan; yılda dört defa yayınlanan, akademik ve hakemli bir dergidir.İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası‘nda, hukuk ve/veya hukuk ile ilişki kuran bilimsel disiplinler alanlarında, özgün akademik çalışmalara yaslanan, teorik veyahut uygulamalı; makale, karar incelemeleri, mevzuat tahlili-tahkiki, hukukî matbuatın değerlendirilmesini konu edinen (müspet-menfi) eleştirel metinler, tercümeler dolayısıyla ulusal ve uluslararası ölçeğe teşmil olabilecek çalışmalar yayımlanmaktadır.İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası’nda; (i) Hukuk kuramını genişleten ve hukukî uygulamaların teorik zeminini besleyen; (ii) gerek akademik gerekse bir erk olarak yargının usûllerini (metodoloji) tahlil ve gerektiğinde teşrih edici; (iii) özel ya da kamusal bağlamda topluma geniş çaplı etki eden hukuksal tefekkürün, fiillerin, süreçlerin, simgelerin vb. mevcudiyetini irdeleyen; (iv) başta hukukî olmak üzere ele alınan konuyu sosyolojik, siyasal, psikolojik, felsefî, ahlâkî, coğrafî, tarihsel yanlarıyla da tahlil edebilecek metinlere yer verilmektedir.Bu kapsamda özellikle şu konulara öncelik tanınmaktadır:• İnsan hakları hukuku,• Ceza hukuku,• Finans ve mali hukuk,• Medeni hukuk,• Ticaret hukuku,• Borçlar hukuku,• İcra ve iflâs hukuku

Amaç ve Kapsam

Web of Science - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Dizin)EBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic SourceEBSCO Legal SourceDOAJERIH PLUSSOBİAD

Dizinler

Dergi yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> Gönderilen makaleler derginin amaç ve kapsamına uygun olmalıdır. Orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmayan, her bir yazar tarafından içeriği ve gönderimi onaylanmış yazılar değerlendirmeye kabul edilir. Makale yayınlanmak üzere Dergiye gönderildikten sonra yazarlardan hiçbirinin ismi, tüm yazarların yazılı izni olmadan yazar listesinden silinemez ve yeni bir isim yazar olarak eklenemez ve yazar sırası değiştirilemez.İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir. Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.İntihal Ön kontrolden geçirilen makaleler, iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal/kendi kendine intihal tespit edilirse yazarlar bilgilendirilir. Editörler, gerekli olması halinde makaleyi değerlendirme ya da üretim sürecinin çeşitli aşamalarında intihal kontrolüne tabi tutabilirler. Yüksek benzerlik oranları, bir makalenin kabul edilmeden önce ve hatta kabul edildikten sonra reddedilmesine neden olabilir. Makalenin türüne bağlı olarak, bunun oranın %15 veya %20'den az olması beklenir.Çift Kör Hakemlikİntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir. Editör, makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakemlikten geçmesini sağlar ve makale biçimsel esaslara uygun ise, gelen yazıyı yurtiçinden ve /veya yurtdışından en az iki hakemin değerlendirmesine sunar, hakemler gerek gördüğü takdirde yazıda istenen değişiklikler yazarlar tarafından yapıldıktan sonra yayınlanmasına onay verir.

Politikalar

Dergi açık erişimlidir ve derginin tüm içeriği okura ya da okurun dahil olduğu kuruma ücretsiz olarak sunulur. Okurlar, ticari amaç haricinde, yayıncı ya da yazardan izin almadan dergi makalelerinin tam metnini okuyabilir, indirebilir, kopyalayabilir, arayabilir ve link sağlayabilir. Bu <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/translations/turkish-translation" target="_blank">BOAI</a> açık erişim tanımıyla uyumludur. Derginin açık erişimli makaleleri Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır.

Derginin tüm giderleri İstanbul Üniversitesi tarafından karşılanmaktadır. Dergide makale yayını ve makale süreçlerinin yürütülmesi ücrete tabi değildir. Dergiye gönderilen ya da yayın için kabul edilen makaleler için işlemleme ücreti ya da gönderim ücreti alınmaz.

Yazarlar dergide yayınlanan çalışmalarının telif hakkına sahiptirler ve çalışmaları  Creative Commons Atıf-GayrıTicari 4.0 Uluslararası (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.tr" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) olarak lisanslıdır. CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansı, eserin ticari kullanım dışında her boyut ve formatta paylaşılmasına, kopyalanmasına, çoğaltılmasına ve orijinal esere uygun şekilde atıfta bulunmak kaydıyla yeniden düzenleme, dönüştürme ve eserin üzerine inşa etme dâhil adapte edilmesine izin verir.

Editörler, yayınlanan makalede, bulguları, yorumları ve sonuçları etkilemeyen küçük hatalar tespit edilirse düzeltme yayınlamayı düşünebilirler. Editörler, bulguları ve sonuçları geçersiz kılan büyük hatalar / ihlaller söz konusu olduğunda, makaleyi geri çekmeyi düşünmelidir. Yazarlar tarafından araştırma veya yayını kötüye kullanmaya yönelik olasılık söz konusu ise; bulguların güvenilir olmadığına ve yazarların kurumlarının olayı soruşturmadığına dair kanıtlar var veya olası soruşturma haksız veya sonuçsuz görünüyor ise, editörler endişe ifadesi yayınlamayı düşünmelidir. Düzeltme, geri çekme veya endişe ifadesi ile ilgili olarak <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> ve <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> yönergeleri dikkate alınır.

Dergide yayınlanan tüm yazıların korunmasını ve kalıcı olarak erişilebilir olmasını sağlamak için makaleler, ulusal bir arşiv sitesi olarak hizmet veren ve aynı zamanda LOCKSS'in içeriği toplamasına, korumasına ve sunmasına izin veren Dergipark'ta saklanmaktadır.Ek olarak, yazarların kendilerinin makalelerinin son PDF sürümünü Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>) standartlarına uygun açık elektronik arşivlerde arşivlemeleri önerilir. Yazarlar, yayınladıkları arşiv versiyonundan, İ.Ü. Yayınevinin dergi web sitesinin URL'sine bağlantı sağlamalıdır.

İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, yayın etiğinde en yüksek standartlara bağlıdır ve <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a> ve <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> tarafından yayınlanan etik yayıncılık ilkelerini benimser; Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing başlığı altında ifade edilen ilkeler için adres: <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>Gönderilen tüm makaleler orijinal, yayınlanmamış ve başka bir dergide değerlendirme sürecinde olmamalıdır. Her bir makale editörlerden biri ve en az iki hakem tarafından çift kör değerlendirmeden geçirilir. İntihal, duplikasyon, sahte yazarlık/inkar edilen yazarlık, araştrma/veri fabrikasyonu, makale dilimleme, dilimleyerek yayın, telif hakları ihlali ve çıkar çatışmasının gizlenmesi, etik dışı davranışlar olarak kabul edilir.Kabul edilen etik standartlara uygun olmayan tüm makaleler yayından çıkarılır. Buna yayından sonra tespit edilen olası kuraldışı, uygunsuzluklar içeren makaleler de dahildir.

Etik

Dergi araştırma etiğinde en yüksek standartları gözetir ve aşağıda tanımlanan uluslararası araştırma etiği ilkelerini benimser. Makalelerin etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır.-    Araştırmanın tasarlanması, tasarımın gözden geçirilmesi ve araştırmanın yürütülmesinde, bütünlük, kalite ve şeffaflık ilkeleri sağlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma ekibi ve katılımcılar, araştırmanın amacı, yöntemleri ve öngörülen olası kullanımları; araştırmaya katılımın gerektirdikleri ve varsa riskleri hakkında tam olarak bilgilendirilmelidir.-    Araştırma katılımcılarının sağladığı bilgilerin gizliliği ve yanıt verenlerin gizliliği sağlanmalıdır. Araştırma katılımcıların özerkliğini ve saygınlığını koruyacak şekilde tasarlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma katılımcıları gönüllü olarak araştırmada yer almalı, herhangi bir zorlama altında olmamalıdırlar.-    Katılımcıların zarar görmesinden kaçınılmalıdır. Araştırma, katılımcıları riske sokmayacak şekilde planlanmalıdır.-    Araştırma bağımsızlığıyla ilgili açık ve net olunmalı; çıkar çatışması varsa belirtilmelidir.-    Deneysel çalışmalarda, araştırmaya katılmaya karar veren katılımcıların yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onayı alınmalıdır. Çocukların ve vesayet altındakilerin veya tasdiklenmiş akıl hastalığı bulunanların yasal vasisinin onayı alınmalıdır.-    Çalışma herhangi bir kurum ya da kuruluşta gerçekleştirilecekse bu kurum ya da kuruluştan çalışma yapılacağına dair onay alınmalıdır.-    İnsan öğesi bulunan çalışmalarda, “yöntem” bölümünde katılımcılardan “bilgilendirilmiş onam” alındığının ve çalışmanın yapıldığı kurumdan etik kurul onayı alındığı belirtilmesi gerekir.

Makalelerin bilimsel ve etik kurallara uygunluğu yazarların sorumluluğundadır. Yazar makalenin orijinal olduğu, daha önce başka bir yerde yayınlanmadığı ve başka bir yerde, başka bir dilde yayınlanmak üzere değerlendirmede olmadığı konusunda teminat sağlamalıdır. Uygulamadaki telif kanunları ve anlaşmaları gözetilmelidir. Telife bağlı materyaller (örneğin tablolar, şekiller veya büyük alıntılar) gerekli izin ve teşekkürle kullanılmalıdır. Başka yazarların, katkıda bulunanların çalışmaları ya da yararlanılan kaynaklar uygun biçimde kullanılmalı ve referanslarda belirtilmelidir.Gönderilen makalede tüm yazarların akademik ve bilimsel olarak doğrudan katkısı olmalıdır, bu bağlamda “yazar” yayınlanan bir araştırmanın kavramsallaştırılmasına ve dizaynına, verilerin elde edilmesine, analizine ya da yorumlanmasına belirgin katkı yapan, yazının yazılması ya da bunun içerik açısından eleştirel biçimde gözden geçirilmesinde görev yapan birisi olarak görülür. Yazar olabilmenin diğer koşulları ise, makaledeki çalışmayı planlamak veya icra etmek ve / veya revize etmektir. Fon sağlanması, veri toplanması ya da araştırma grubunun genel süpervizyonu tek başına yazarlık hakkı kazandırmaz. Yazar olarak gösterilen tüm bireyler sayılan tüm ölçütleri karşılamalıdır ve yukarıdaki ölçütleri karşılayan her birey yazar olarak gösterilebilir. Yazarların isim sıralaması ortak verilen bir karar olmalıdır. Tüm yazarlar yazar sıralamasını <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E53FB0CE54514A729F14BBA673C58319" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu'nda</a> imzalı olarak belirtmek zorundadırlar.Yazarlık için yeterli ölçütleri karşılamayan ancak çalışmaya katkısı olan tüm bireyler “teşekkür / bilgiler” kısmında sıralanmalıdır. Bunlara örnek olarak ise sadece teknik destek sağlayan, yazıma yardımcı olan ya da sadece genel bir destek sağlayan, finansal ve materyal desteği sunan kişiler verilebilir.Bütün yazarlar, araştırmanın sonuçlarını ya da bilimsel değerlendirmeyi etkileyebilme potansiyeli olan finansal ilişkiler, çıkar çatışması ve çıkar rekabetini beyan etmelidirler. Bir yazar kendi yayınlanmış yazısında belirgin bir hata ya da yanlışlık tespit ederse, bu yanlışlıklara ilişkin düzeltme ya da geri çekme için editör ile hemen temasa geçme ve işbirliği yapma sorumluluğunu taşır.

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve Dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal destekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme çift taraflı kör hakemlik ile değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.

Hakemlik Hakkında

Baş editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, cinsel yöneliminden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar. Gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalacağını garanti eder. Baş editör içerik ve yayının toplam kalitesinden sorumludur. Gereğinde hata sayfası yayınlamalı ya da düzeltme yapmalıdır.Baş editör; yazarlar, editörler ve hakemler arasında çıkar çatışmasına izin vermez. Hakem atama konusunda tam yetkiye sahiptir ve Dergide yayınlanacak makalelerle ilgili nihai kararı vermekle yükümlüdür.Hakemlerin araştırmayla ilgili, yazarlarla ve/veya araştırmanın finansal destekçileriyle çıkar çatışmaları olmamalıdır. Değerlendirmelerinin sonucunda tarafsız bir yargıya varmalıdırlar. Gönderilmiş yazılara ilişkin tüm bilginin gizli tutulmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir. Bazı durumlarda editörün kararıyla, ilgili hakemlerin makaleye ait yorumları aynı makaleyi yorumlayan diğer hakemlere gönderilerek hakemlerin bu süreçte aydınlatılması sağlanabilir.

Daha önce yayınlanmamış ya da yayınlanmak üzere başka bir dergide halen değerlendirmede olmayan ve her bir yazar tarafından onaylanan makaleler değerlendirilmek üzere kabul edilir. Gönderilen ve ön kontrolü geçen makaleler iThenticate yazılımı kullanılarak intihal için taranır. İntihal kontrolünden sonra, uygun olan makaleler baş editör tarafından orijinallik, metodoloji, işlenen konunun önemi ve dergi kapsamı ile uyumluluğu açısından değerlendirilir.Baş Editör, makaleleri, yazarların etnik kökeninden, cinsiyetinden, uyruğundan, dini inancından ve siyasi felsefesinden bağımsız olarak değerlendirir. Yayına gönderilen makalelerin adil bir şekilde çift taraflı kör hakem değerlendirmesinden geçmelerini sağlar.Seçilen makaleler en az iki ulusal/uluslararası hakeme değerlendirmeye gönderilir; yayın kararı, hakemlerin talepleri doğrultusunda yazarların gerçekleştirdiği düzenlemelerin ve hakem sürecinin sonrasında baş editör tarafından verilir.Hakemlerin değerlendirmeleri objektif olmalıdır. Hakem süreci sırasında hakemlerin aşağıdaki hususları dikkate alarak değerlendirmelerini yapmaları beklenir.-Makale yeni ve önemli bir bilgi içeriyor mu?-Öz, makalenin içeriğini net ve düzgün bir şekilde tanımlıyor mu?-Yöntem bütünlüklü ve anlaşılır şekilde tanımlanmış mı?-Yapılan yorum ve varılan sonuçlar bulgularla kanıtlanıyor mu?-Alandaki diğer çalışmalara yeterli referans verilmiş mi?-Dil kalitesi yeterli mi?Hakemler, gönderilen makalelere ilişkin tüm bilginin, makale yayınlanana kadar gizli kalmasını sağlamalı ve yazar tarafında herhangi bir telif hakkı ihlali ve intihal fark ederlerse editöre raporlamalıdırlar. Hakem, makale konusu hakkında kendini vasıflı hissetmiyor ya da zamanında geri dönüş sağlaması mümkün görünmüyorsa, editöre bu durumu bildirmeli ve hakem sürecine kendisini dahil etmemesini istemelidir.Değerlendirme sürecinde editör hakemlere gözden geçirme için gönderilen makalelerin, yazarların özel mülkü olduğunu ve bunun imtiyazlı bir iletişim olduğunu açıkça belirtir. Hakemler ve yayın kurulu üyeleri başka kişilerle makaleleri tartışamazlar. Hakemlerin kimliğinin gizli kalmasına özen gösterilmelidir.

<ol><li>İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, ESCI ve ULAKBİM tarafından taranan “Hakemli Dergi” statüsünde yılda dört sayı (Mart, Haziran, Eylül, Aralık) olarak yayımlanır.</li><li>Mecmua’ya gönderilen yazılar, başka bir yerde yayımlanmamış ve yayımlanmak üzere gönderilmemiş olmalıdır. Bu hususta yazarlardan ayrıca taahhütname talep edilecektir.</li><li>Editörler Kurulu tarafından ilk değerlendirilmesi yapılan ve işbu yayın ilkelerine uygun olmadığı saptanan yazılar, hakeme gönderilmeden önce, buradaki kurallar doğrultusunda düzeltilmesi için yazara iade edilir. Yazım yanlışlarının olağanın dışında bulunması, incelenen konu bakımından gerekli olan yerli ve yabancı kaynakların tüketilmemiş olması, bilimsel ölçütlere ve akademik etik prensiplere uyulmaması, makale konusunun teori ve/veya uygulama açısından güncel bir değerinin/öneminin bulunmaması, yazının Editörler Kurulu tarafından reddi için yeterlidir.</li><li>Yazı, hakemlere gönderilmeden önce özel bilgisayar programları yardımı ile intihal incelemesine tabi tutulur. İlgili yazılım raporunun editöryel incelemesi kapsamında, dijital benzerlik oranının % 20’nin üzerinde çıkması, yazının reddi için yeterlidir.</li><li>Mecmua’da yayımlanacak makalenin, en üstün akademik standartlara uygun şekilde kaleme alınmış olması esastır. Bu çerçevede yazarlardan/yazılardan doktora/doçentlik tezi seviyesinde bir entelektüel çaba ve katkı beklenir.</li><li>İlk değerlendirmede uygun bulunan yazılar, yazar adları metinden çıkarılarak hakemlere gönderilir. Yazarlara yazının hangi hakemlere gönderildiği ile ilgili bilgi verilmez. Hakemlerden gelen raporlar doğrultusunda yazının yayımlanmasına, düzeltilmesine ya da geri çevrilmesine karar verilir. Hakem aşamasının asgari ve/veya azami bir süresi yoktur. Bu konunun takibi, münhasıran Editörler Kurulu’na ait bir görev ve yetki olup, yazı sahiplerinin doğrudan veya dolaylı şekilde bu aşamaya müdahale etmeleri etik ihlal sayılır.</li><li>Hakem raporlarının sonucunda yazının/eserin nihai olarak yayımlanıp yayımlanmayacağı ve yayımlanacaksa yazının Mecmua’nın hangi sayısında yer alacağı hususunda nihai takdir yetkisi ve sorumluluğu, Editörler Kurulu’na aittir. Tek bir olumsuz hakem raporunun varlığı, makalenin yayımlanmaması için yeterlidir.</li><li>Hakem aşamasının tamamlanmış olması, yazarlara makalenin yayımlanacağını gösterir özel/resmi bir belge talep etme yetkisi vermez. Yazarlar, bu konunun bilincinde ve sorumluluğunda olarak makalelerinin Mecmua’da yayımlanması ve hakem incelemesine tâbi tutulması başvurusunda bulunmaktadırlar. </li><li>Yazarlar; unvanlarını, görev yaptıkları kurumları, iletişim adresleri ile telefonlarını ve e-posta adreslerini bildirmelidirler.</li><li>Mecmua’nın yazı dili Türkçe ve İngilizcedir. Makalelerde 250 kelimeden oluşan Türkçe öz ve İngilizce abstract bölümlerine yer verilmeli ve en az 5 en çok 15 anahtar kelimenin de Türkçe ve İngilizce olarak yazıya eklenmesi gerekmektedir. Özetleri takiben Türkçe ve İngilizce dilindeki tüm makaleler için ayrıca 600-800 kelimelik İngilizce genişletilmiş özet yer almalıdır. Yayım başvurusuna konu edilen makalenin -dipnotlar dâhil olmak üzere- en fazla 20.000 kelimeden oluşması gerekir. Asgari bir kelime sınırı yoktur.</li><li>Makale metni, Times New Roman yazı tipinde, 1,5 satır aralığı ve 12 punto, dipnotları ise, tek satır aralığı ve 10 punto olarak hazırlanmalıdır. Dipnotları sayfa altında gösterilir. Atıflar OSCOLA atıf sistemi esas alınarak yapılmalıdır. Aksi takdirde makale hakem ataması yapılmaksızın yazara düzeltmeleri yapması için geri gönderilir. Türkçe makalelerdeki kısaltmalar ve diğer hususların ilan edilen yazım kuralları uyarınca yapılması gerekmektedir. Söz konusu atıf kurallarına https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ihm adresi üzerinden ulaşılabilir.</li><li>Yazar isimleri Türkçe ve İngilizce konu başlığının altında ve sağ tarafında yer almalı ve soyadının bitiminde yıldız konulmalıdır. Yıldızlı dipnotta yazarın unvanı, çalıştığı kurum, alanı ve e-posta adresi bildirilmelidir.</li><li>Makalenin sonunda, makalede kullanılan kaynakların, yazarların soyadlarına göre sıralandığı bir kaynakça bulunmalıdır.</li><li>Fakülte tarafından yayımlanan nüshalarla sınırlı kalmak üzere; yayına kabul edilen makalenin Fikir ve Sanat Eserleri Kanunu ve ilgili mevzuat çerçevesinde çoğaltma, yayma, umuma iletim, işleme ve çeviri konusundaki mali hakları, basılı, görsel, işitsel, sayısal/dijital vb. ortamlarda yurt içinde ve yurt dışında kullanılmak üzere Fakülte’ye devredilmiştir. Telif ücreti ödenmeyeceği yazarlar tarafından kabul edilmiştir.</li><li>Mecmua’da, makalelerin yanı sıra çeviri de yayımlanabilir. Bu nitelikteki yazılar Editörler Kurulu tarafından kabul edilebilir veya geri çevrilebilir. Çeviri metni ile birlikte asıl metin ve hak sahiplerinin (asıl eser sahibi ve yayınevinin) muvafakati de iletilmelidir. Çeviriler de hakem değerlendirilmesine tâbi tutulur.</li><li>İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası’nda yayımlanması istenen yazıların iuhfdergiler@istanbul.edu.tr e-posta adresine Microsoft Word yazılımı formatında (*.doc, *.docx) ve işbu yayın kurallarına uygun şekilde gönderilmesi gerekmektedir.</li><li>Bir başvurucunun aynı yayın yılı içerisinde (4 sayılık süreçte) sadece bir makalesi hakem incelemesine konu edilebilir.</li><li>Editörler Kurulu, derginin bir sayısında yer alacak makaleleri, Özel Hukuk – Kamu Hukuku dengesini koruma amacı, makalenin Mecmua’ya gönderilme ve hakem aşamasının tamamlanma tarihleri, makale konusun güncelliği, yazarların İstanbul Üniversitesi mensubu olup olmaması noktasındaki oransal denge gibi kriterleri gözeterek belirler.</li><li>Editörler Kurulu, tüm sayıların mümkün olduğunca eşit sayıda makale ile çıkması noktasında azami gayreti gösterir. Bir sayının çıkma tarihi itibarıyla, mizanpaj aşaması da dahil olmak üzere, yayım için gerekli tüm aşamaları tamamlamış olan bir makale, makale sayısı itibarıyla ilgili sayıda yayımlanamaz ise, ancak bu şartla, ilgili sayıdan belli bir süre sonra Online-First adı verilen sistem çerçevesinde bir sonraki sayı çıkmadan önce dijital olarak yayımlanır.</li></ol>

Yazım Kuralları

Makale başvuruları doğrudan <a href="mailto:iuhfdergiler@istanbul.edu.tr" target="_blank">iuhfdergiler@istanbul.edu.tr</a> adresine yapılmaktadır.

Derleme yazıları, okuyucular için bir konudaki kaynaklara ulaşmayı kolaylaştıran bir araç olsa da, her zaman orijinal çalışmayı doğru olarak yansıtmaz. Bu yüzden mümkün olduğunca yazarlar orijinal çalışmaları kaynak göstermelidir. Öte yandan, bir konuda çok fazla sayıda orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi yer israfına neden olabilir. Birkaç anahtar orijinal çalışmanın kaynak gösterilmesi genelde uzun listelerle aynı işi görür. Ayrıca günümüzde kaynaklar elektronik versiyonlara eklenebilmekte ve okuyucular elektronik literatür taramalarıyla yayınlara kolaylıkla ulaşabilmektedir.Kabul edilmiş ancak henüz sayıya dahil edilmemiş makaleler Early View olarak yayınlanır ve bu makalelere atıflar “forthcoming” şeklinde verilmelidir. Genel bir kaynaktan elde edilemeyecek temel bir konu olmadıkça “kişisel iletişimlere” atıfta bulunulmamalıdır. Eğer atıfta bulunulursa parantez içinde iletişim kurulan kişinin adı ve iletişimin tarihi belirtilmelidir. Bilimsel makaleler için yazarlar bu kaynaktan yazılı izin ve iletişimin doğruluğunu gösterir belge almalıdır. Kaynakların doğruluğundan yazar(lar) sorumludur. Tüm kaynaklar metinde belirtilmelidir. Kaynaklar alfabetik olarak sıralanmalıdır.Referans Stilli ve Formatıİstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, makalelerinde referans sistemi olarak OSCOLA kullanımını benimser. OSCOLA (Oxford Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities), Oxford Üniversitesi tarafından yayınlanmış bir sistemdir. Ayrıntılı bilgi ve örnekler için:<a href="https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/publications/oscola" target="_blank">https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/research-subject-groups/publications/oscola</a>OSCOLA Referans Stili ÖrnekleriGenel HususlarKısaltmalarda nokta kullanmayınız. Bir dipnotta birden fazla esere atıf yapılıyorsa her bir eseri noktalı virgül ile ayırınız.Atıflarda supra, infra, ante, id, loc cit, op cit, contra kısaltmaları kullanılmayacaktır.İçindekiler kısmına yer verilmeyecektir.Kısaltmalar cetveline yer verilmeyecektir.Öz / AbstractMakalelerde 250 kelimeden oluşan Türkçe öz ve İngilizce abstract bölümlerine yer verilmelidir.Anahtar Kelimeler / KeywordsÖz bölümünün altında Türkçe en az 5 en çok 15 anahtar kelime kullanılmalıdır.Abstract bölümünün altında İngilizce en az 5 en çok 15 keywords kullanılmalıdır.Extended SummaryMakalelerde, makaleye yabancı yazarlar tarafından atıf yapılmasını sağlayacak ölçüde, makalede yer verilen bilgi ve görüşlerin derlendiği en az 600 en fazla 1000 kelimeden oluşacak İngilizce bir extended summary yer almalıdır.Mevzuata Yapılacak AtıfTürk mevzuatına atıf, aşağıda gösterildiği şekilde yapılmalıdır:•    Nüfus Hizmetleri Kanunu, Kanun Numarası: 5490, Kabul Tarihi: 25.4.2006, RG 29.4.2006/26153Yabancı devlet mevzuatına ve AB mevzuatına yapılacak atıflarda OSCOLA’nın 2.4, 2.6.1 ve 2.8.2 numaralı bölümlerinde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır.KitaplarDipnotlarda öncelikle yazarın adı/soyadı atıfta bulunulan eserde yer aldığı şekilde yazılmalıdır. Dipnotlarda önce yazarın adı verilmeli, bunu bir virgül takip etmeli ardından kitap ismi italik olarak verilmelidir.Birbirini takip eden birden fazla sayfaya yapılan atıflarda ff kısaltması kullanılır.Ad Soyad, Kitap Adı (Kaçıncı Bası Olduğu, Yayınevi Yılı) Atıf Yapılan Sayfa.Makalenin yazım dili Türkçe iseTek yazarlı kitaplarda:•    3B Bahadır Erdem, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6. Bası, Beta 2017) 165.Çok yazarlı kitaplarda:•    Aysel Çelikel ve Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24. Bası, Beta 2019) 86 vd.•    Cemal Şanlı, Emre Esen ve İnci Ataman-Figanmeşe, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6. Bası, Beta 2018) 322.Editörlü Kitaplarda:Ad Soyad, ‘Eser (Bölüm) Adı’ iç Editör(ler) Adı (ed / birden çok editör olması halinde edr), Kitap Adı (Yayınevi Yıl) Atıf Yapılan Sayfa.•    Rumeysa Partalcı, ‘Türkiye’nin Çocuk Haklarına Dair Sözleşme’ye Koyduğu Çekincelerin İncelenmesi’ iç Günseli Öztekin Gelgel ve Faruk Kerem Giray (edr), Milletlerarası Aile ve Çocuk Hukukuna İlişkin Seçilmiş Makaleler (Beta 2017) 5.Makalenin yazım dili İngilizce iseTek Yazarlı kitaplarda:•    3B Bahadır Erdem, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6th, Beta 2017) 165.Çok yazarlı kitaplarda:•    Aysel Çelikel and Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24th edn, Beta 2019) 86 ff.•    Cemal Şanlı, Emre Esen and İnci Ataman-Figanmeşe, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6th edn, Beta 2018) 322.Editörlü KitaplarAd Soyad, ‘Eser (Bölüm) Adı’ in Editör(ler) Adı (ed / birden çok editör olması halinde eds), Kitap Adı (Yayınevi Yıl) Atıf Yapılan Sayfa.•    Rumeysa Partalcı, ‘Türkiye’nin Çocuk Haklarına Dair Sözleşme’ye Koyduğu Çekincelerin İncelenmesi’ in Günseli Öztekin Gelgel ve Faruk Kerem Giray (eds), Milletlerarası Aile ve Çocuk Hukukuna İlişkin Seçilmiş Makaleler (Beta 2017) 5.MakalelerAd Soyad, ‘Makale Adı’ (Yıl) Cilt (Sayı) Dergi Adı İlk Sayfa Numarası, Atıf Yapılan Sayfa•    Sevin Toluner, ‘Kıbrıs’ın Avrupa Birliği’ne Üyelik Başvurusunun Hukuki Geçerliliği ve Sonuçları’ (2002) 22(2) MHB (Prof. Dr. Ergin Nomer’e Armağan) 857, 860.•    Ayşe Nur Tütüncü, ‘Montreux Convention and Canal Istanbul’ (2017) 37(1) MHB 113, 116.Elektronik KaynaklarMakalenin yazım dili Türkçe iseYazar Adı Soyadı, ‘Eser Adı’ (Yıl) Cilt(Sayı) Dergi Adı Erişim Tarihi.•    Graham Greenleaf, ‘The Global Development of Free Access to Legal Information’ (2010) 1(1) EJLT &lt; http://ejlt.org//article/view/17 &gt; Erişim Tarihi 27 July 2010.Makalenin yazım dili İngilizce ise•    Graham Greenleaf, ‘The Global Development of Free Access to Legal Information’ (2010) 1(1) EJLT &lt; http://ejlt.org//article/view/17 &gt; Date of Access 27 July 2010.Web Siteleri ve BloglarMakalenin yazım dili Türkçe iseSarah Cole, ‘Virtual Friend Fires Employee’ (Naked Law, 1 May 2009) Erişim Tarihi 19 November 2009Makalenin yazım dili İngilizce iseSarah Cole, ‘Virtual Friend Fires Employee’ (Naked Law, 1 May 2009) Date of Access 19 November 2009Aynı Yazarın Birden Fazla Eserine AtıfAynı yazarın birden fazla eserine yapılacak atıflarda eser adları uygun şekilde kısaltılmalıdır:•  15 Erdem, Vatandaşlık Hukuku (n 3) 142.    23Erdem, ‘Cinsiyet Farkı’ (n 9) 297.Aynı Esere Birden Fazla Atıf YapılmasıAynı esere birden fazla atıf yapılması halinde:Makalenin yazım dili Türkçe ise1 Aysel Çelikel ve Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24. Bası, Beta 2019) 86.…26 Çelikel ve Öztekin Gelgel (n 1) 112.27 ibid 114-115.Makalenin yazım dili İngilizce ise1 Aysel Çelikel and Günseli Öztekin Gelgel, Yabancılar Hukuku (24th edn, Beta 2019) 86.…26 Çelikel and Öztekin Gelgel (n 1) 112.27 ibid 114-115.Yargı Kararları - DavalarTürk mahkeme kararlarına aşağıda yer alan örneklerde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır:Ankara 3 Sulh Mahkemesi, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Ankara 1 İdare Mahkemesi, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Ankara 3 BAM, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Ankara 3 BİM, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Danıştay 10 D, 2247/5111, 25.11.2011.Yargıtay 2 HD, 4558/3543, 11.03.2017.Anayasa Mahkemesi, 2014/13044, 11.11.2015.Yabancı mahkeme kararlarına OSCOLA’nın 2.1 ilâ 2.3 numaralı bölümlerinde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır.Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi kararlarına aşağıda yer alan örneklerde gösterildiği şekilde atıf yapılmalıdır:•    Omojudi v UK (2009) 51 EHRR 10.•    Osman v UK ECHR 1998–VIII 3124.•    Balogh v Hungary App no 47940/99 (ECHR, 20 July 2004).•    Simpson v UK (1989) 64 DR 188.KaynakçaKaynakçada öncelikle yazarın soyadına daha sonra adının ilk harfine yer verilir. Makalelerin sayfa aralığı gösterilir:Makalenin yazım dili Türkçe ise•    Erdem BB, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6. Bası, Beta 2017) 165.•    Çelikel A ve Öztekin Gelgel G, Yabancılar Hukuku (24. Bası, Beta 2019).•    Şanlı C, Esen E ve Ataman-Figanmeşe İ, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6. Bası, Beta 2018).•    Tütüncü AN, ‘Montreux Convention ve Canal Istanbul’ (2017) 37(1) MHB 113-123.Makalenin yazım dili İngilizce ise•    Erdem BB, Türk Vatandaşlık Hukuku (6th, Beta 2017) 165.•    Çelikel A and Öztekin Gelgel G, Yabancılar Hukuku (24th edn, Beta 2019).•    Şanlı C, Esen E and Ataman-Figanmeşe İ, Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk (6th edn, Beta 2018).•    Tütüncü AN, ‘Montreux Convention and Canal Istanbul’ (2017) 37(1) MHB 113-123.Atıf kuralları hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi için bkz. OSCOLA 4th Edition.

<div><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/2991A311942E454E8B4DBF4B271350E3" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/5750CB1484324495A8C74D69447BFD44" target="_blank">Kapak Sayfası</a></div>

Aşağıdaki listede eksik olmadığından emin olun:●    Editöre mektup<ul><li>Makalenin türü</li><li>Başka bir dergiye gönderilmemiş olduğu bilgisi</li><li>Sponsor veya ticari bir firma ile ilişkisi (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>İstatistik kontrolünün yapıldığı (araştırma makaleleri için)</li><li>İngilizce yönünden kontrolünün yapıldığı</li><li>Yazarlara Bilgide detaylı olarak anlatılan dergi politikalarının gözden geçirildiği</li><li>Kaynakların OSCOLA 4’e göre belirtildiği</li></ul>●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/E53FB0CE54514A729F14BBA673C58319" target="_blank">Telif Hakkı Anlaşması Formu</a>●    Daha önce basılmış ve telife bağlı materyal (yazı-resim-tablo) kullanılmış ise izin belgesi●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/31F96BBD2789401F92877085635FE53C" target="_blank">Kapak sayfası</a><ul><li>Makalenin türü</li><li>Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığı</li><li>Yazarların ismi soyadı, unvanları ve bağlı oldukları kurumlar (üniversite ve fakülte bilgisinden sonra şehir ve ülke bilgisi de yer almalıdır), e-posta adresleri</li><li>Sorumlu yazarın e-posta adresi, açık yazışma adresi, iş telefonu, GSM, faks nosu</li><li>Tüm yazarların ORCID’leri</li></ul>●    Makale ana metni<ul><li>Makalenin Türkçe ve İngilizce başlığı</li><li>Özetler: 250 kelime Türkçe ve İngilizce</li><li>Anahtar Kelimeler: 5-15 adet Türkçe ve 5-15 adet İngilizce</li><li>Makale Türkçe ise, 600-800 kelime İngilizce genişletilmiş özet (Extended Summary)</li><li>Finansal destek (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Çıkar çatışması (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Teşekkür (varsa belirtiniz)</li><li>Kaynaklar</li><li>Tablolar-Resimler, Şekiller (başlık, tanım ve alt yazılarıyla)</li></ul>

Sayı Türü	Regular
Editör(ler)	Abuzer Kendigelen, Ali Paslı
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