Metin

Prof.

After the international norms of trade union freedom were determined by ILO Convention 87 (1948), a rapid increase in complaints about member states was observed. Since 1951, the ILO Administrative Council has used the Committee on Freedom of Association (CFA) for assistance in investigating these complaints.The Committee on Freedom of Association has also explained what procedures and principles it considers when reviewing and resolving complaints about member states: the first of its decisions is that it is not a judicial decision that compels the member state. According to the statement, a decision which is made is not intended to condemn a member state or a trade union organization; on the contrary, it aims to make trade union freedom valid in all countries by making use of the trilateral structure, which is the most prominent feature of the ILO.While making decisions, the second principle of the CFA is that it does not, as a rule, take into account the level of development of the complained country. The third principle is that the change of political regime or political power in a member state will not affect the previous decisions. The new political regime or the new government is under the obligation of producing solutions based on the decisions of the Committee in terms of trade union freedom.Lastly, the CFA requires that, in accordance with the decision of the Administrative Council with respect to multinational companies, the existence of a provision contrary to trade union freedom among the conditions of investment in another country shall never be tolerated.The reason why we choose the issue of strike is that employers’ associations in the ILO and in our country argue from time to time that the right to strike does not have a legal relationship with trade union freedom. The most important justification of the allegations in this regard is that there is no direct provision regarding the right to strike in Convention 87 or other legislation of the ILO regulating trade union freedom.For many years, the CFA has advocated a totally opposite view. According to them, the right to strike is an integral part of trade union freedom. In this case, it is not possible for trade unions to exclude the right to strike while freely regulating their activity programs.&nbsp;Based on this basic view, the CFA does not accept all actions where employees collectively agree to stop working as a legal strike within the framework of trade union freedom. For example, according to the CFA, a strike initiated by a trade union for purely political purposes does not fall within the framework of trade union freedom. As such, the CFA does not accept the strike which is done in order to prove that the trade union is the authority in collective bargaining. The CFA acknowledges that the issue of authority is a problem that needs to be examined separately.As such, the committee acknowledges that the right to strike may be restricted or even banned in basic services that threaten the health and safety of society. In the case of government officials in public service, the CFA accepts that high level bureaucrats who use public power on behalf of the state can be included in the scope of the ban on strikes. The Committee tries to clarify the concept of basic services in its decisions and gives examples from various business lines.The CFA has also made important decisions on peaceful solutions to ensure that workers do not lose their rights in the event of restrictions or prohibitions on the right to strike. According to the CFA, the peaceful solutions that are put into action in such a situation should definitely have gained the trust of parties through their impartiality and independence.It is determined that an independent body should decide for such strikes which are delayed for a certain period due to national security and general health, and if the government is the decision body, this postponement should be made with a good faith interpretation considering the narrow meaning of the words ‘national security’ and ‘general health’.&nbsp;If serious health and safety problems arise in society due to the prolongation of the strike and its widespread nature, it may be decided to meet the minimum needs of society by the decision of an independent body; however, as a result of this decision, the effect of the decision to strike should not diminish and the public image of the union should not decrease.

The ILO’s Committee on Freedom of Association - Some Important Decisions on the Right to Strike

Toker

The article below is a tribute to the centennial foundation of the International Labour Organization. Following deliberations over various various criticisms by the ILO, the Turkish legislature had enacted the new i legislation of Turkey, i.e. the Labor Unions and Collective Agreements Act of 7 November, 2012, no.6356 which constitutes the present legal framework of industrial relations in Turkey. Aiming to bring the labor relations law of Turkey into conformity with ILO norms on freedom of association as well as to find solutions to various practical problems of implementation, Act no.6356 carries various positive provisions, i.e.simplifying some of the earlier formal requirements; restrenghening the job security of the union shop steward; clarifying the rights of union administrators; abolition of the condition for public notary approval for the worker’s acquision of and withdrawal from union membership. But the Act also seems flawed in certain respects, i.e. uncertainties in the protection of the worker against acts of antiunion discrimination; maintenance of the socalled “double criteria” for collective bargaining authorization, ( that is , while seemingly reducing the first condition to 1/% from the previous 10% cent industry-level representation , making the union’s ability to achieve the authorization certificate more difficult due to forced mergers among industries ; certain strike restrictions in sectors not deemed to fall into essential services in the strict sense of the ILO; and suspension of strikes and lock-outs by the government due to reasons of general healt or national security where, in the absence of agreement between the parties, industrial conflict is to be suspended and the process must result in compulsory arbitration.More recently with a view to lessen the workload of labor courts, the amendment to the Labor Courts Act by Act no. 7036 dated 25 October 2017, has in the settlement of workers’ claims including reinstatement demands brought the precondition of calling on the process of ‘mediation’ before filing the lawsuit. Although mediation shall not entail a binding decision, it may lead the worker to accepting a lower amount than what he would be awarded under legal action in the court system.As the mandate of the so-called ‘mediation as a precondition for legal action’ encompasses requests for compensation in union-related dissmissals as well, the mediation technique may create consequences detrimental of the protection of freedom of association and as such is likely to be challenged before the Constitutional Court or to be brought to the agenda of the ILO.&nbsp;Furthermore, coupled with the declining rate of union density in Turkey, the prevalence of the so-called ‘single channel representation’ i.e. the absence of workers’ representatives and/or a works council system at least in workplaces where union shop stewards do not exist, seem lead to various voids which must be filled for the performance of various functions in the Turkish industrial relations system (e.g.collective layoffs) . Therefore this paper advocates the adoption of a ‘dual-channel representation system including labor labor unions and elected employee representatives’ who must be active anyhow as Turkey had ratified ILO Convention 135 in the year 1993.At a stage where the government’s avowed goal was to launch reforms to bring Turkish industrial relations into conformity with international norms on freedom of association, the outcomes of Act no. 6356 have been rather mixed, in some respects disappointing, in others encouraging. Various dimensions of Act no.6356 are clearly tilted against the interests of workers and labor unions Thus, despite the introduction of various positive elements and certain ameliorations made since the year 2012, Act no 6356 is still likely to continue being challenged in national and international fora.This article, based partly on the observations of the writer as the government representative in the supervisory organs of the ILO, is a general evaluation of the main changes brought about by Act no.6356 on freedom of association in Turkey as well as on a few a other amendments made after its passage in 2012. Despite the presence of the above-stated weaknesses, , it is clear that the present legal framework of industrial relations in Turkey represents a better-balanced and advanced stage than the previous legislative environments . In reaching this level of maturity, the impact of the ILO and the jurisprudence of the ILO’s Freedom of Association Committee, coupled of course with the contributions of the Turkish social partners should be acknowledged.

The Impact of International Labour Organisation on the Development of Industrial Relations in Turkey (A Critical Approach from the Perspective of International Norms on Freedom of Association)

Özlem

The International Labour Organization (ILO) was founded in 1919 because of the urgent need to improve the terrible working conditions during the Industrial Revolution. Its constitution was a response to inhumane working conditions. According to the ILO, universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based on social justice. To date, two political arguments of this philosophy remain valid, namely, inhumane working conditions threaten universal and lasting peace and the failure of any country to adopt humane working conditions is an obstacle for other nations aiming to improve their conditions.During the initial decades, economic recession and the balance between the market and state enabled the ILO to extend its standard setting activities. The ILO adopted several conventions and recommendations concerning unemployment and working hours, enlarged its research capacity, and collected statistical data. Later, in light of the World War II, The Declaration of Philadelphia was adopted in 1944. According to the declaration, which was a strong call for international cooperation for social progress, labor should not be regarded as a commodity.In the 1950s and 1960s, after the World War II, the conjunctural expansion period and political climate helped the ILO’s values to become widespread. However, the Cold War restricted the organization’s sphere of action. After the decolonization movement, the ILO launched technical cooperation programs, such as the World Employment Programme. Conversely, the influence of technological and demographical changes on employment and production processes transformed the work force. However, such changes weakened the traditional labor movement. The ILO’s agenda included new skills for new jobs. In this period, the number of fundamental conventions of the organization increased to five.In the 1980s, economic recession and neoliberal policies, such as privatization and labor market deregulation, restricted the ILO’s room to maneuver. In this period, the number of informal and precarious jobs considerably grew, and tripartism was substantially criticized. Multinationals expanded their power, and the number and intensity of crises increased because of the dominance of economic liberalization and financial markets. The social costs of such crises necessitated urgent social action; however, the constituents of the organization failed to reach a unified reaction, and standard setting facilities were delayed.&nbsp;Then, the ILO took its first step toward building a social floor to globalization and adopted a universal instrument, namely, the ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its follow-up in 1998.The 2000s came with broadening inequalities. As a response, the ILO shaped its new road map and adopted the Decent Work Agenda as the main instrument to support the social dimension of globalization. The concept of decent work returned to an official document within the ILO in 2008. The ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization brought together four strategic objectives, namely, rights at work, employment, social protection, and social dialogue and became the framework of the ILO’s primary goal. As a response to the Financial Crisis of 2008, the ILO adopted the Global Jobs Pact and took part in the Social Protection Floor Initiative.&nbsp;Then, the ILO deepened its cooperation with G20, which received a central position in the global governance system after 2008 and increased its recognition in the multilateral system. The Decent Work Agenda, Global Jobs Pact, and Millennium Development Goals later became references to G20 policies. Since then, the ILO has continued its efforts to deepen cooperation and dialogue with other international organizations as part of its reform policy. To date, apart from cooperating with international organizations, the ILO takes part in joint projects with several non-governmental organizations and provides technical assistance.&nbsp;The world of work is transformatively changing and uncertainty emerges about the capacity of existing institutions and policies to provide the future that all people desire. Aware of such transformative changes, the ILO adopted the ILO Centenary Declaration in 2019 as an integrated policy response. At the same time, it serves as a guide for social justice and lasting peace. In the declaration, the importance of work for human welfare and spiritual and material well-being is underlined, and the need for acting urgently to seize the opportunities and address the challenges using human-centered approaches is emphasized. Promoting decent work and international labor standards, strengthening the capacity of its tripartite constituents, and playing an important role in the multilateral system are the main goals of the ILO in its second century.In today’s era of instant flow of information and communication, the timeliness of the ILO’s responses to extreme changes in the industrial and occupational&nbsp;structures will determine its effectiveness in the global governance system in the future. The application of information and communication technologies, green economy, and demographic changes will create new jobs. However, mass crowds who lack future capabilities will lose their jobs. Poverty, inequalities, and labor market problems continue despite economic growth. Evidence from recent years shows that Sustainable Development Goal 8 is unlikely to be achieved until 2030. Social partners are looking for a universal labor guarantee system, social dialogues that include rural and informal economies, and international cooperation. The ILO can strengthen social dialogue by balancing power relations between employers and workers and actively taking part in corporate social responsibility initiatives. Thus, the need for the ILO to build a universal framework for fair globalization is becoming increasingly important.

The ILO at Centenary: Political Preferences and Tendencies in Changing Conditions

Volkan

Assist. Prof.

The definition in comparison to scope and scale of market structure changes and broadens beyond the traditional conception of the neoclassical economic theory in an era of globalization. The extent of the market for goods and services integrates with digital economies and networks all around the world. Rapidly developing technology, together with ever changing economic and social structure, cause new trends to occur and continue unprecedentedly in the 21th century. In line with the global and technological transformation of market structures and functions, the strategic significance of information is also increased within the decision making process of employees and employers, entrepreneurs and other economic agents. In today’s business world, innovation based production projects of innovative entrepreneurs are particularly effective and decisive on the formation of expectations and demand dynamics.In order to establish an equilibrium state for demand and supply of labour at the full employment level, the amount and cost of information in labour markets must be at an optimum level. In this sense, the foundation of the micro infrastructures of macroeconomic equilibrium state of the economy requires technology based innovation of information systems. The flow of information disseminates through the economy via economic institutions and organizations. Besides, networks beyond markets play an important part of the information transmission mechanism. The information systems innovation within the general structure of organizations in the economy minimizes Keynesian coordination failures, and thereby accelerates the restoration of equilibrium after a randomly external and fully anticipated economic shock which is a sole source of informational frictions.In accordance with the general definition of the International Labour Organization (ILO), labour market information comprises of all kinds of knowledge related with the structure and extent of the labour market. The structure and extend of the market, together with supply and demand, also relate to the social structure. The industry 4.0 formed by phenomenological new concepts such as internet of things, big data, digital technologies, virtual currencies, artificial intelligence and innovation, rendered it difficult to understand and define the continuously developing and broadening borders of networks beyond markets. The strategic decision making and learning processes, which are embedded in expectations models of economic agents, are getting more&nbsp;complex by cumulatively growing global integrations. The information systems that are decisive in qualified and unqualified employees’ search for work in the labour market also lead to changes in the formation of the division of labour. The classical proposition which asserts that the division of labour is limited with the extent of the market, now opens and paves new ways of philosophical interpretations and scientific intuitions by the introduction of information technologies.Motivated by the characteristic conditions of an innovative paradigm shift, global socioeconomic transformation of societies and modus operandi of the business world, this article analytically, theoretically and practically examines the innovation based structural reforms and novelties in information systems infrastructure of ILO under a new construction of economic systems in a changing world. The plan of the article is as follows. The introductory first part depicts fundamental elements and background of the work in the context of adaptation and integration processes of global economies to large scale technological changes in the world. The second part is devoted to a comprehensive literary review and to the theoretical apprehension for organizational integration of information systems innovation in a conceptual framework.The third part deals with the theory of functional and strategic information systems innovation. Different types of information systems innovations are defined according to particular organizational innovation models in the literature, and then information systems of innovation are set into a structural context of innovation ecosystems per se comprised of complex international systems of innovation. The fourth part is appropriated for innovation based structural reforms of ILO. These reforms fall under three chief functional categories, and each category signifies a particular portfolio in the hierarchical structure of the ILO headquarters. These three portfolios are the policy portfolio, management and reform portfolios, and field operations and partnership portfolios. Information systems of each portfolio are also examined in separate sections of the fifth part. The sixth part concludes with a general discussion and appreciation of the subject matter. Functional and strategic effects of structural reforms in the very constitution of the ILO indicate successful fulfilments of its chief aims. As a result, Keynesian coordination problems in global markets are also alleviated by the use of information technologies in the organizational infrastructure.

International Labour Organization and Information Systems Innovation

Tekin

The International Labor Organization (ILO) is an intergovernmental organization with 193 members, which was established in 1919 by the Versailles Treaty. As a specialized agency of the United Nations, the ILO is responsible for improving labor conditions in the member states. The International Labor Organization is composed of three organs: The Conference (the legislative assembly), the Governing Body (the executive Board), and the Office (the Secretarial Services). The Decisions in the ILO organs are made by the representatives of the workers, employers and governments with equal votes. This system is known as Tripartism.The ILO realizes its mission by setting international labor standards (i.e. Conventions and Recommendations). Since its founding, the ILO has adopted 190 conventions and 206 recommendations dealing with a wide range of employment standards. As the ratification of ILO conventions and recommendations is purely voluntary, the number of ratifications dramatically varies across the member states ranging from the lowest, 2 conventions for Brunei, Palau, and Tuvalu, to the highest, 133 conventions for Spain, followed by France (127 conventions) and Belgium (113 conventions). Even some of the world’s leading trade countries (the USA, China, India, and Brazil) have not ratified the conventions providing for the right to unionize (Convention 87) and bargain collectively (Convention 98).Several empirical studies have examined the determinants of the ratification decision of ILO conventions. The results show that various political, economic and social variables affect the numbers of ratified ILO conventions. Also, the length of ILO membership is found as a predictor of the number of conventions ratified.This paper investigates the impact of political, economic and labor variables on the ratification of ILO conventions in a sample of African and Middle Eastern countries. The paper is structured in three parts. The first part provides a conceptual framework for ILO and its employment standards. The study methodology is explained in the next section. The last section presents the findings of the study.The data set for this study covers 62 countries. The dependent variable was the number of conventions ratified. The independent variables were the political freedom score, average annual population growth rate, poverty rate, purchasing power parity (PPP), percentage of agriculture, percentage of service sector in GDP, percentage of labor force in agriculture, percentage of labor force in industry, percentage of labor force in service sector, and unemployment rate.The study seeks to answer three research questions: (1) Are there statistical differencesin the dependent and independent variables? (2) Is there a correlation between the variables? (3) To what extent are the variables predictors for the number of conventions ratified by member states?The descriptive statistics involving the mean values and standard deviations were used to summarize the data. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the correlations between the variables. Lastly, the study investigated the predictors of the number of conventions ratified using hierarchical regression analysis.Overall, the results of the hierarchical regression analysis revealed that economic variables were significant predictors of the number of conventions ratified. This predictor accounted for 13% percent of the variance in the number of conventions ratified. Moreover, the average annual population growth rate and political freedom score were observed to predict the number of conventions ratified. All predictors together explained 38.3% percent of the varaiance in the number of conventions ratified. The findings are consistent with the findings of Zeytinoglu (1985: 175) and (Boockmann, 2006: 153), who showed that economic factors were predictors of the number of conventions ratified. Moreover, this is also similar to the findings of Zeytinoglu (1985: 175), who indicated that the political factor was a predictor of the number of conventions ratified. However, it is not similar to the findings of Chau and Kanbur (2001: 22), who indicated that economic variables were not determinants of the number of conventions ratified.Secondly, the results of the correlation analysis indicated that the number of conventions ratified was positively and significantly correlated with political freedom scores but was negatively and significantly related to the poverty rate and PPP.Furthermore, the analysis showed that the number of conventions ratified differed significantly between countries. Also, there were dramatic differences across the members regarding demographic, economic and labor variables.In conclusion, based on the findings of the present study, it appears that political, demographic and economic factors are the predictors of the number of conventions ratified by member states. For future research, it is important to examine other possible factors affecting the number of conventions ratified. Thus further studies should focus on other variables, such as union density, social awareness and the role of trade unions in connection with the number of conventions ratified.

Factors Affecting The Ratification of ILO Conventions (An Empirical Study on African and Middle Eastern Countries)

Serpil

In conclusion, based on the findings of the present study, it appears that political, demographic and economic factors are the predictors of the number of conventions ratified by member states. For future research, it is important to examine other possible factors affecting the number of conventions ratified. Thus further studies should focus on other variables, such as union density, social awareness and the role of trade unions in connection with the number of conventions ratified.The four main drivers of Industry 4.0 are the Internet of Things (IoT), the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), Cloud based manufacturing and smart manufacturing which helps in transforming the manufacturing process into one which is both intelligent and fully digitized. The nine pillars of Industry 4.0 are: big data and analytics, autonomous robots, simulation, system integration - horizontal and vertical system integration, the industrial internet of things, cyber security, the cloud, additive manufacturing, and augmented reality. The fourth Industrial Revolution transforms the global economy and society in an unprecedented way. Within industry, fundamental changes in business models occur as new production, consumption and distribution methods change and new forms of work emerge. The digital economy is a recently-emerging phenomenon of increasing importance given the estimates of double-digit annual growth around the world. There is a growing intersection between work and digital technologies, and a diversity of business models relating to that intersection. As a result, a profusion of terminology has emerged. This include both web-based platforms, where work is outsourced through an open call to a geographically dispersed crowdwork and location-based applications (apps) which allocate work to individuals in a specific geographical area. The gig economy is not a new concept, but it has been on the rise with the fourth Industrial Revolution. The rise of the gig economy is an important development in both economy and labor relations. In each period, short term, temporary contracts were observed. But today, there is a significant increase in the number of studies on the gig economy. The gig economy has received enormous attention over the past few years. Since 2015, the ILO has been working on digital work platforms to understand the impact of new forms of work organization on workers and employment in general.&nbsp;The rise of digital labor platforms increases the importance of the gig economy by assisting in the elimination of imbalances in the labor market and supporting future jobs. Despite performing valuable work for many highly successful companies, compensation from crowdwork is often lower than minimum wages. Workers must manage unpredictable income streams, and they work without the standard labour protections of an employment relationship. These platforms can classify workers as self-employed or independet contractors. As a result, in the absence of the application of employment law protection - especially minimum wage and collective wage agreements - a client can obtain a service much cheaper than the one provided by a traditional organisation. Despite the potential of crowdwork platforms to provide employment opportunities, there are a number of concerns related to the workers’ unclear employment status, unfair treatment, low earnings, non-payment, lack of social protection, and lack of voice.This study assesses the impact of digital technologies on the labor market on the basis of ILO’s future of work, in the context of decent work. There is a growing intersection between work and digital technologies, and various business models and forms of employment are emerging. Standard employment contracts and the employment relationship established with an employer have changed significantly. However, legal regulations on working life only partially cover non-standard employment. The long-term trends in non-standard labor regulations stem from the rise of digital labor platforms or the gig economy. Despite the ILO’s efforts to create decent jobs, the appearance of digital labor platforms within the framework of employment, fundamental rights of working life, social protection and social dialogue has been found to be problematic in terms of the concept of decent work.

Industry 4.0 and an Evaluation of Digital Labor Platforms in the Context of Decent Work

Öğretim Görevlisi Dr.

The 102nd session of the ILO laid the foundation for the next century’s initiative for the future of working life. In this session, the main factors that transform working life were first determined and these were demography, environment, technology, poverty, inequality, international balance, production and employment. The future of work initiative is more inclusive than the other suggested initiative, it has a longer duration and more universal. Also it has a very modern feature according to Millenium Development Goals (MDG) and Sustainable Development Goals&nbsp;The research period covers the years 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019. Accordingly, it was planned that the national dialogue mechanism in 2016 about work and society, decent work, work and production organization and governance of work subjects. A global commission was established in 2017 in the light of the data obtained from the member countries. In 2018, a commission report was prepared and the declaration of the century was foreseen to be adopted in 2019. In the commission report issued in 2018, the main factors predicted to lead the future of working life were identified. These factors are technological change and knowledge-based economy, globalization and deindustrialization, the effects&nbsp;of business restructuring on inequality and social protection, demographic and environmental factors. Within the scope of technological and knowledge based economy, more investment in knowledge-based economy, on-line platforms, information technologies and digital work platforms stand out. Within the scope of globalization and deindustrialization, global supply chains, flexibility in the production process, profit-orientedness, investment in other countries, expansion of the service sector are influential factors. The problem of inequality due to the restructuring of the work and the need for more social protection as a result of each passing day is gaining importance. Morover, both in the context of demographic developments the problem of aging population is experienced and due to changing population profiles, the differentiation of social needs becomes important. On the one hand, due to the increasing climate and environmental problems, the green economy is gaining importance. In this context, green manufacturing becomes important.On the other hand, as in the historical development process, outsourcing is an important aspect of production systems. In this respect, outsourcing affects working relationships. The use of outsourcing has been carried to a different dimension through the globalization process. The outsourcing of administrative affairs in the 90s has also undergone a significant transformation process since the mid-90s with a series of economic crises in developing countries and rapid technological developments since the early 2000s.In addition, the main factor that ILO predicts will lead the future of working life is a change in the quality of outsourcing. Accordingly, as technological change increases, investment in the knowledge-based economy increases. And outsourcing for businesses is becoming even more attractive. Time constraints, rapid digitalization, information technologies, artificial intelligence, vulnerability, intelligent automation technologies, new distribution models, virtualization etc. play an active role in this process. Furthermore, the popularization of outsourcing due to globalization and industrialization raises issues such as creative destruction, polarization, increasing inequality, social insecurity and so on. Likewise, increasing demand for skilled labour makes it vital to solve problems in the education system. On the other hand within the scope of demographic developments; provision for the elderly and child care in day care institutions or nursing homes, employment of legal or illegal immigrants in this sector, provision of surrogacy services have become important issues. In addition, the transition green economy policies have gained importance on climate change and environmental issues.Accordingly, the changing nature of outsourcing is influenced by key factors that ILO predicts will shape the future of working life. In this respect, outsourcing plays an important role in shaping working life and will continue to do so. The effect of this change process on employment relations can be predicted to be seen in the following issues: Independent work, more requirements for labor employment, gaining skills before they are needed, networks, ecosystems, rapid transition to skills and competencies, mercenary intellectuals, global human resources, more flexible and more individual employment relations, more mobile labor market, need more time on self-improvement, just in time learning and so on. Moreover, considering that developments in technology and knowledge based economy are more effective in this process, changing business relations generally in favor of skilled labor can lead to important problems regarding wage inequalities.&nbsp;As a result, the changing nature of outsourcing in the future of working life can be predicted to play a leading role in the deepening of existing problems and the emergence of new problems. In this process, the problems that can be seen in wage and employment relations are at the forefront. The ILO has implemented the mechanism of social dialogue as an important process in the future of working life initiative. For this reason, the mechanism of social dialogue is an important way to solve the problems that are experienced and may be experienced. Also, ILO’s assessment of the changing nature of outsourcing is of great importance for understanding the future of global labor markets.&nbsp;

The Changing Role of Outsourcing In ILO’s Future of Work Initiative: An Evalution In Terms of Employment and Wage Relations

Verda

The Journal of Social Policy Conferences, which since 1948 has been published within the body of the Faculty of Economics, Labor Economics, and the Industrial Relations Department at Istanbul University, Turkey, plays an important part in the formation and maintenance of social policy tradition. With the stages, changes, and transformation it has undergone from 1948 to the present, the journal offers an outstanding academic setting for research in the field of social policy in Turkey. In addition, 1948 is an important year in terms of the International Labour Organization (ILO) conventions approved by Turkey. Turkey, which ratified only one ILO convention between the years 1932 and 1946, signed 11 conventions between the years 1946 and 1959. In this context, ILO, which is an important institution at international level in the field of labor relations and social policy, and the journal that created the first social policy corpus in Turkey were founded in the same period.The main hypothesis of this study is to highlight the importance within scientific and academic development of long-term academic publications being able to present to their readers the reflections of the social, political and economic developments of the periods with which they are concerned. Starting from this, the purpose of the study is to examine how ILO, which is one of the major international institutions in terms of industrial relations and working life, is reflected in the Journal of Social Policy Conferences as a journal that has been maintaining its publishing activities through 71 years.This study firstly presents the history of the Journal of Social Policy Conferences. Then, within the scope of “Qualitative Analysis of the Journal of Social Policy Conferences”, the articles in the journal are subjected to qualitative analysis regardless of periods. After that, the journal articles dealing with ILO, -and those covering the basic ILO conventions are examined under the title of “ILO in the Journal of Social Policy Conferences”.&nbsp;&nbsp;The literature review shows that different academic publications such as journals and graduate studies are analyzed through various qualitative research methods, namely document analysis, content analysis, and bibliometric analysis. With 71 years of history, the Journal of Social Policy Conferences is too deep to be analyzed through a single method. This is because when the origin and history of the journal is examined, it is clear that different periodizations can be made (e.g before and after 2003 according to the criterion of being a peerreviewed scientific journal; before and after 2009-2010 based on the criterion of transfer to the internet environment from the printed journal).In this article, the reflection of ILO in academia is presented through the Journal of Social Policy Conferences, the academic representative of the social policy field in the national arena. The fact that the study is the first one to subject the Journal of Social Policy Conferences to qualitative bibliometric analysis shows its originality. However, this originality also carries with it the difficulties of making an analysis that complies with the spirit of the journal. In this context, the study should be considered as an “exploratory” preliminary study that can guide future studies with how it all started and how it continued as well as the research method it employed.The database used in the research was created by transferring all the files in the journal archive to the Excel program through the DergiPark system. Analyses were performed on 830 files excluding the records coded as “Imprint, Editorial, Table of Contents”, “Editorial”, and “Foreword” from among the those included in the dataset created within the scope of the study.&nbsp;The calculation results indicate that the journal does not comply with the 80/20 rule, which states that 80% of all articles published in the journal should be written by 20% of the authors, and neither does it comply with Price’s law, which measures the productivity of the authors. However, it does comply with Lotka’s law, which measures the contribution to the literature. In light of the calculation made according to Lotka’s law, which is a quantitative estimation of how many articles the authors have contributed to the literature, it can be said that the 71-year journal will continue to contribute to the field as an academic platform in the following years as well.There are 30 studies directly containing the word “ILO” in their titles. This number amounts to 3.6% of the total number of studies. There are few studies directly addressing ILO which can be repeated within the scope of the journal covered in the present study as well.The Journal of Social Policy Conferences, which has grown and developed concurrently with the social policy history of Turkey, has aspects that, by maintaining its mission from tradition to future, flourish, create a tradition, sustain such tradition, and have a significant collective power.

Journal of Social Policy Conferences and International Labor Organization (ILO)

Abdirahman

Lecturer

Impediments to Civil Registration: The case of Somali Regional State  in Ethiopia

Kadir

Bünyamin

In today’s increasingly competitive environment, it is becoming more and more difficult to ensure the continuity of trained and qualified personnel in the organization, as well as providing qualified personnel or providing additional qualifications for the personnel. One of the most important reasons for this is the ability to communicate very quickly all over the world, thanks to the developing communication technologies and being informed instantly of all kinds of opportunities in the world.In this competitive environment, qualified personnel turn to new organizations, new cities, countries and continents, by spreading towards the opportunities offered to them. In this case, in addition to providing qualified personnel or training to personnel for qualification, it has become essential for organizations to take measures and develop methods, in order to ensure that these personnel are identified and dedicated to their work and organisations.It is evident in the results of research that employing highly qualified, resourceful, intelligent, strong, durable and diligent employees without dedication to organizations does not provide a great advantage. For example, research in the United States has estimated that the annual cost of economic loss from insufficient or never dedicated staff is around $ 250 to350 million. This figure corresponds to approximately 2% of the US GNP (Gross National Product) at that time (Attridge, 2009: 387). If so, this issue is worth considering.For those reasons, it is mandatory to acquire and train qualified personnel, and to take measures and develop new methods to ensure that employees identify with their organizations and are dedicated to their work. In the literature survey within this framework, it is observed that in the last 10 years, there has been an intensive study of these concepts. Although there are some researches, especially on the “employee engagement and performance perception” and “organizational identification and performance perception interactions”, that there has not been any research on “the influence of relations between employee engagement and organizational identification on the performance perception”, has shown the need to research this subject. Therefore, it is thought that this research will contribute to fill an emptiness in the area.In light of the explanations above, in this study, concepts of employee engagement, organizational identification and performance perception are examined theoretically in the first, second and third sections. In the fourth section of the study, how the research is conducted and which method is used to analyzing the data are mentioned. In the last section, there are general evaluations and the results of research obtained with the aim of the study and discussions.In this context, the main purpose of this study is to determine the relationship of employee engagement and organizational identification’s effects on their performance. For the purpose of the research, the data obtained from questionnaires filled out by total 843 employees, working in the Greater Municipality of Ankara 555, in the Eskişehir Odunpazarı Municipality 92, in the Ankara Prime Ministry of AFAD 98 and in the İstanbul ASİS Corporation 98 were evaluated by means of factor, correlation and SEM analysis.According to the findings obtained as a result of the research; statistically significant correlations are found among employee engagement, organizational identification and performance perception variables and the research results have been reached. The level of influence of independent variables (employee engagement, organizational identification) on dependent variables (performance perception), and the level of interaction between independent and dependent variables in the research model are explained.

A Research to Determine the Effects of Work Engagement and Organizational Identification  Relations on The Performance Perception

Beyzade Nadir

Assoc. Prof.

Web 2.0 social media platforms have become one of the most important representatives of the concept of prosumption, in which production and consumption processes intermingle and the boundary between production and consumption is eliminated. In particular, the collaborative work on these platforms, user-generated content production, and data sharing among the users can be regarded the examples for such prosumption activities. In recent years, the extraordinary developments in information and communication systems, internet technology in particular, have caused the users to pay attention to their activities on Web 2.0 social media platforms. In the social media platforms, such as Facebook, Google+, Twitter, Youtube, and Instagram, users produce digital data in formats called user-generated content production. The produced digital data transforms into commodities purchased by advertisers, who have to measure consumers’ preferences, tastes, and perceptions. As a result, the users of Web 2.0 social media platforms have become producers who produce data about themselves and other users in the space they have entered to consume time and space. Therefore, the users as they producing while consuming, and consuming while producing, become prosumers. This process, in which users produce meaning, is considered as intangible production activity based on codes, software, and data.At the present time, social media platforms, which have transformed into consumption spaces, have become the main area of intangible production activities. Social media platforms have turned into a sphere of consumption of time, in which users spend their leisure time in an active way; of consumption of body/subjectivity, with the reflection of the personal visuals and lifestyle presented in the profiles and blogs created; and the consumption of space, with the access of produced products and experiences or introducing these products and experiences. Although the activities realized in such platforms are essentially an act of consumption, they have become a kind of production practice as they produce thoughts, perceptions, preferences, tastes, and works in the process. On social media platforms, the meaning is the main object of production. Meaning, on the other hand, is the consequence of a kind of cognitive labour activity, which includes intangible production processes in its essence. The meaning in the context of the generated contents is transformed into digital commodities that are recorded, encoded and kept as data sets in virtual space. The digital commodity, which mainly reflects the preferences, tastes, desires,&nbsp;and tendencies of the consumer or the one, who desire to consume, draws the attention of the actors of capitalism (advertisers), who are active in the creation of demand for consumption. The digital commodity that is formed in this way is considered as a product and experience that can be bought and sold within the system. On a social media platform,&nbsp;- profiles created by people; - assessments of other profiles established on such platforms; - images uploaded by users and the comments or likes to those images; - various groups and communities established jointly with other profile holders within the platform,provide data that lists individual differentiation and subjective preferences as contents created by users on Web 2.0 platforms. This data becomes the source of an unlimited number of information for brand creation, especially advertising, and all kinds of promotional activities. The profit-oriented companies that own these platforms are able to sell this data, which is accumulated by users in their databases, to any commercial enterprise, especially other advertising agencies. Thus, these platforms, where people enter to consume time, body/subjectivity, and space, but simultaneously produce digital data, are transformed into production areas where an economic organization is organized. In this case, the distinction between consumption and production disappears, the consumer is transformed into an individual who can be evaluated as a producer at the same time and the prosumption process takes place.This prosumption process indicates a cognitive way of study. The aim of this study is to analyse the cognitive digital labour processes of the producers, which are produced by the users of the web 2.0 social media platforms as the data commodities produced by the profit-making owners of these platforms. In this context, prosumer’s labour is regarded as covert labour throughout the study. In this study, the concept of covert labour refers to the labour force that uses social media platforms to carry out a consumption act, but produces a commodity that can be bought and sold without being aware of the contents they create, and cannot make any financial gain (free) as a result of this production.Currently, the production activity, which is based on the production of cultural meaning, content, labour, and data, is called intangible production and the labour, which performs this production is called intangible labour. In this study, cognitive digital prosumers, who are accepted to produce intangible production, have labour value as they- produce a product equal to a commodity as a result of their activities, - carry out these activities in a certain time of labour, and - use various labour objects and tools in the process.

Digital Prosumer Labour as Covert Labour in the Context of Prosumption

Res. Assist.

Mehmet

The process of globalization increases its impact on societies. While this situation is criticized by some academics that economies, culturally and politically, countries and institutions are moving away from their essence, it is considered by some academics as a valuable process that makes it necessary to become a global village which is an important integration required by today’s conditions. Globalization is a process that increases the competition among countries in line with the capitalist tendency in the world, directs societies to consumption, offers great advantages for developed countries, but provides an unfair environment under competition conditions for developing and underdeveloped countries. In other words, the process of globalization is a concept used to express a dynamic process that presents all positive and negative aspects for countries.The economic policies of the countries and institutions started to change in a more liberal direction due to the dominance of the liberal view that advocated the necessity of economic opening to the world, especially after the 1980s. This has undoubtedly affected individuals and institutions involved in labor relations in the country. For example, in the periods when globalization and openness were not so effective, in the periods when Keynesian economic policies were applied, unions in the countries were in a much stronger and collective unity in forming a single whole, a single voice; indirectly, the unions have a tendency to decline. Multinational companies are expressed as the locomotive force of the globalization process. From another perspective, this can be read as employers wanting to dominate labor markets on a global scale. Therefore, the struggle against the globally organized employers has brought a very challenging process for the local unions. Because, employers who are organized on a global scale have been able to intervene in working conditions even in the most remote parts of the world through multinational companies and in other words, they can easily reach the places where there are some better but cheaper labor conditions in the industrial revolution. Through multinational corporations, global production chains were established in the Far East, Africa and South America, where cheap labor was established, and they entered the non-union labor markets and quickly separated from the labor markets of developing countries in Europe and in particular with protective laws. Thus, the economies of these countries have experienced turbulence and have tried to attract foreign capital to their countries especially with the flexible regulations.they apply in their laws. The interventions of multinational corporations in various ways and in an unfair order in various countries have brought forward the idea of making arrangements that can be valid for the workers in terms of working conditions, occupational health and safety. However, in order to defend this view, it is essential that the unions organized at the local level unite and organize at the global and regional level. The idea of unification of labor organizations is actually based on the First International in the 1860s before the 1980s, which is considered the beginning of the globalization process. It was argued in the internationalities that the global working class should be united and a global labor union should be established. Therefore, it is important to establish a standard order against labor and to organize it on a global level. Thus, it has become even more important that globalization should be organized on a global scale in the trade unions against the global power given to the employer. The existence of a globally organized union will ensure that the labor side is strong in regional and global terms. While the whole world has undergone a significant transformation with the globalization process, a union initiative has been experienced in Europe as well. The face of this initiative as an institution is the ETUC (European Trade Union Confederation). The single market idea of employers in Europe has had a major impact on working conditions and social policies. At this point, the European ETUC has become an important social partner among these social policy-makers and contributed greatly to the European Social Dialogue. Therefore, the fact that it has an important place in the European social dialogue as an important actor has continued to work at a higher level than the local unions.ITUC (International Trade Union Confederation) is the leading force of global trade unionism. ITUC and ETUC are very similar in terms of organization and intellectual thinking, and moreover, they can be expressed as reflections of each other in global and regional dimensions. Therefore, the fact that ETUC and ITUC have a very important place in terms of the idea of global unionism has played an important role in the formation of research questions in this study. As a matter of fact, it was started with the desire to examine the place and importance of ETUC in the European Union. The ETUC is no doubt a global organization large enough to respond to globalization. However, it is a very important organization in terms of the regional top representation. Recognizing the lack of studies on ETUC and ITUC in the Turkish literature is also important in terms of partially filling the gap in this area and guiding future studies.

Evaluation of the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) in the Context of Globalization

Elvin

Zeynep

Property has been one of the priority areas discussed throughout the world’s history. Today, while property continues to be discussed in a wide range from land to information, it is acknowledged to be one of the main causes of inequality while at the same time promoting the necessity of the axis of neo-liberal policies. In this context, the concept of property has been evaluated in a wider perspective. Thus, this study aims to guide the need to examine the concept from a wider perspective in subsequent research. The scope of the study is to evaluate the transformations that have taken place in the history of the world from the Egyptian Calendar to the present, and together with important events, to explain the concept of property in the light of economic, political and religious systems. In this study, literature was searched as a method and a chronological study was carried out.The transformations that property have gone through in the historical process have been as follows; In the Copper Age, when events were precisely dated, property was concentrated on agricultural land and religious systems, while property on land was observed. With the invention of the plow, productivity and the possibility of using animals in agriculture increased, and in the Bronze Age property extended to land, animals and slaves. Due to drought in the world, It is seen that the aristocracy of land which holds fertile soil, has emerged. ith the emergence of monotheistic religions, debates on joint and private property began, and with the development of trade, property of movable and immovable properties was discussed. The Iron Age is a period in which Chinese philosophy experienced its golden age. In this period, while land property remained the priority, it was seen that with the establishment of Rome, which adopted religious systems as a form of administration, the areas used by families for religious ceremonies were subject to property. Thus, the transfer of property to the family took place, and with the development of the Silk Road, the trade volume expanded and led to the spread of private property. In the Middle Ages, agricultural property became a political organization and feudalism was born as a political organization. Thus, class distinctions were sharpened, and a class society of kings, knights, vassals and peasants emerged, with kings believing that all lands werae given to them by the gods. Scientific developments related to seafaring in the late Middle Ages led to the discovery of new places, the economy developed and an economic system that was different from feudalism emerged. With the use of policies in trade, capital became mobile. In the Middle&nbsp;Ages, the power of the church was undeniable because it owned most of the property. In the Early Modern Period however, Luther initiated a protest that allowed the properties of the church to be transferred to kings. The kingdom sold some of these properties and some of them were reserved as kingdom property. In this period, Protestant Calvinists stated that the people who succeeded in prosperity were chosen by God, and the moral equivalent of property was built and the inevitable rise of private property provided the economic accumulation necessary for the Industrial Revolution in the modern age. Adam Smith, one of the important names of the modern era, advocated private property through labor property, and a great gap has emerged in the Liberal State between the working class and the employer. During this period the French Revolution also abolished the property restriction of feudalism. On the one hand, the physiocrats advocated private property and the views of Marxism on joint propery came into prominence. Unemployment with the recent economic crisis has increased the gap between workers and employers.Poverty and hunger began to increase after the time when the government had no interference with both the property and the economy. However, with the rise of Keynesian policies, welfare state practices have begun and class segregation has decreased somewhat. With the developments in science and technology in the modern age, globalization has entered our lives and borders have disappeared. As a result of the two world wars that took place during this period, colonialism ended and with the emergence of the internet, property became joint property in joint stock companies. In the 21st century, the discovery and spreading rate of social media inevitably spread to every sphere of life. Property subject to ownership has been evaluated in intellectual, mental and informational fields and its spread through social media has decreased to seconds. Nowadays, the property we are talking about is not only related to movable and immovable property, but to information and even sentences.As can be seen in the study, important events in world history of property have been affected by economic, political and religious systems and by the ideas of the important philosophers of the ages, as well as transformed these systems. In this context, both property and economic, religious, and political systems need to be evaluated together in a broad perspective. Property has been seen as one of the main causes of inequality throughout the world history and as discussed today. However, there is no consensus on whether property will&nbsp;be shared or private, and property we speak of in the 21st century is now that of intellectual knowledge. The concept of property has undergone many changes to the present day in terms of scope, and its transformation will continue (as is seen from this study). In this context, it is essential to evaluate the studies to be carried out from joint property to private property, from land ownership to information ownership in a broad perspective.

An Experiment on the Historical Development of Property

Sayım

CALL FOR PAPERS - THEMATIC ISSUE

Merve

Umut

Prof. Dr.

A Life Between Work and Travel: A Study on Turkish Digital Nomads

Nurten

Assist. Prof. Dr.

Gökçe

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Doğa

Salih

Blockchain Technology and Social Policy Transformation: A Critical Examination and Recommendations

Remote Work and Telemigrants: The New Face of Offshoring and Its Effects on Industrial Relations

Kutluğ

Res. Assist. Dr.

Elif

Possible Impacts of Human Enhancement Technologies on the Older  Workforce

Hakan

Bibliometric Analysis of Publications on the Digital Nomad with VOSviewer

Fatih

Mine

A Qualitative Study of the Perceptions and Experiences of Volunteers in the Field of Disability: The Case of Bandırma

Oğuz

Seda

One of the important matters in economic theory is the debate on income inequality. The role of the state and institutions in improving income inequality in developed and especially developing countries is gaining importance. In this context, it is necessary to determine the dynamics affecting income distribution to determine and create economic policies.The study analyzes the years between 1994 and 2017. The selected group of countries is known as the Fragile Five (Brazil, India, Indonesia, South Africa and Türkiye). In these countries, income distribution dynamics will be determined by using panel data analysis - CCE estimator. CCE is an estimator that derives coefficients on the basis of panel overall as well as cross-sectional units. Therefore, this estimator allows the analysis results to be interpreted in the terms of the panel overall and cross-sectional unit.The analysis of this study was executed by using eleven different variables. The GINI coefficient represents the income distribution as dependent variables. In addition, variables that are thought to affect income distribution inequality are policy interest, money supply, public expenditures, tax revenues, per capita national income growth, inflation rate, trade openness, financial openness, financial development and human capital data as independent variables.When the coefficients were appraised in terms of the panel as a whole, it was concluded that the variables x2 (broad money supply), x9 (financial development) and x10 (human capital) have statistically significant effects on y (GINI coefficient) used to represent the income distribution in the Fragile Five countries. Although these statistically significant effects in the terms of variables x2 and x10 are positive, the opposite x9 is founded negative. Accordingly, these findings in terms of panel overall mean that augmenting in broad money supply and human capital increases income inequality, while increasing in financial development decreases income inequality.The increase in human capital may not be sudden and total, and although there is an average increase in the country’s human capital, it is thought that the development of human capital and the increase in the number of qualified personnel lead to a widening of the income gap between a certain group of unqualified personnel and the existing one.For this reason, it is assumed that the increase in human capital will be reflected in the GINI figures after a certain level. In addition, the broadly defined money supply could change the saving and borrowing capacity in favour of high-income groups. The lower income group will be able to benefit less from monetary expansion than the upper income group, so the income distribution may deteriorate further.Financial development could impact income inequality through various channels. Improved access to financial services and opportunities may empower low-income individuals, thereby reducing inequality. However, if financial development benefits the wealthy or exacerbates financial market distortions, it can broaden income gaps, perpetuating inequality.&nbsp;When the coefficients are evaluated in terms of the cross-sectional units:In Brazil, it was concluded that variables x1 (policy rate), x3 (public expenditures), x6 (inflation rate), x9 (financial development) and x10 (human capital) have statistically significant effects on y (GINI coefficient) used to represent income distribution. Although these statistically significant effects in the terms of variables x1, x3, x6, and x9 are negative, the opposite x10 is founded positive. Accordingly, this finding, specific to Brazil, means that increasing in policy rate, public expenditures, and financial development decreases income inequality, while escalating in the human capital increases income inequality.&nbsp;In India, only variable x2 (broad money supply) has a statistically significant impact on y (GINI coefficient) used to represent income distribution. This statistically significant effect of x2 on y is found to be positive. Accordingly, this finding, specific to India, means that augmenting the broad money supply increases income inequalitySimilar to India, also Türkiye, only one variable, x10 (human capital), has statistically significant effects on y (GINI coefficient) used to represent income distribution. That statistically significant effect of x10 on y is founded positive. Accordingly, this finding, specific to Türkiye, means that an increase in human capital escalates income inequality.In addition to those findings, for both Indonesia and South Africa, it was concluded that the whole explanatory variables, which are thought to affect income distribution inequality, do not have statistically significant effects on y (GINI coefficient).&nbsp;

Dynamics Of Income Distribution in the Five Fragile Countries: An Empirical Application

Emel

Sevgi

In Turkey, the social policies applied to the relatives of martyrs, veterans and veterans differ in the relevant legislation according to the type of event that caused them to be martyrs or veterans and the degree of their being affected by this event. It is thought that this study will clarify how by whom and under what conditions the social policies are applied. In the study, the rights provided on the basis of state institutions and their implementation have been examined and attention has been drawn to the adequacy level of these rights and the places where it is thought that there are deficiencies that need to be improved. The social policies implemented for the relatives of martyrs, veterans and veterans were evaluated in psycho-socio-economic terms.There are very few studies in the literature on social policies implemented for the relatives of martyrs, veterans and veterans. In this study, as in Erzincanlı’s study in 2020, it was revealed that the participants were largely satisfied with the social policies implemented, but differences between statuses were observed. In Karabulut’s study conducted in 2017, it was observed that the degree of satisfaction with the social policies implemented was high.In general, the problems encountered in the use of some positive privileges provided to individuals in the disadvantaged group negatively affect the relatives of martyrs, veterans and veterans who are already psychologically, sociologically and economically worn out. Instead of struggling to obtain the new rights they need, they must ensure that their existing rights are recognised.In this study, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 20 participants and content analysis was conducted in the light of the data obtained. In addition to the answers given to the questions during the interviews, observations were made. Because of the research, it was seen that the level of adequacy of the social policies utilised by the participants was high. In addition, it has been concluded that there are places that need to be developed according to the areas where social policies are utilised and are considered to be missing.When the participants were asked the question "How do you deal with these problems you face?", they said that they mostly found a solution by complaining to the necessary authorities. In particular, the General Directorate of Martyrs’ Relatives and Veterans, which was established in 2011 and started its activities within the Ministry of Family and Social Services as the General Directorate in 2018, played an active role in areas such as coordination and information of the rights provided and made their work easier. Participants see the Non-Governmental Organisations to which they are affiliated as another solution.Since the rights whose procedures are carried out by the SSI Presidency generally cover various payments in the field of economy, these payments are often not sufficient in today’s conditions. Since these payments differ according to those in various statuses, it is seen that these payments sometimes lead to inequality among the relatives of martyrs, veterans and veterans. In this context, it is thought that updating the payments according to today’s conditions and eliminating discrimination between statuses will improve the quality of life of service beneficiaries.The rights provided in terms of employment are generally not sufficient. The right to employment, which is of utmost importance in terms of standing on their own feet, is not sufficient as the number of relatives of martyrs and veterans increases. For example, when a martyr has 3 children, 2 of them can benefit while the other child cannot. This situation creates difficulties in terms of who will benefit, while on the other hand, it decreases the quality of life. The participants stated that they demanded support, especially for veterans engaged in agriculture. From this point of view, it is thought that it would be appropriate to provide various incentives to veterans who make a living with agriculture.It is known that they do not benefit equally from the rights provided in the field of health services, as in other rights, since there are status differences according to the laws. In addition, the fact that the personnel working mostly in health service providers are sometimes not informed about the legislation confronts the relatives of martyrs, veterans and veterans who are already there due to their illnesses with difficult situations. In this context, it is thought that informing public personnel about the procedures concerning the rights of martyrs, veterans and veterans’ relatives and diversifying and increasing the seminars held at this point will play an effective role in solving the problem.It has been observed that satisfaction with the rights provided in the field of education is generally high. However, it was observed that some of the participants did not benefit from the right to education for themselves or their children because such a right was not yet recognised when they were martyr relatives or veterans, and then they did not benefit from it when their children grew up. In addition, it was also observed that especially the soldiers who were martyred in the previous years were martyred while they were still single, so they did not have children who would benefit from the right to education. It was observed that the participants stated that they tended to refuse to receive education for their children. At this point, it is thought that organising seminars to encourage the children of martyrs and veterans to receive education will have effective results.&nbsp;While the relatives of martyrs, veterans and veterans who are generally satisfied with the rights provided by the Ministry of National Defence, it is seen that the right to use the military facilities, which is the most used, creates a problem when those with a certain status can enter while others cannot.It is thought that providing psychological support against post-traumatic stress disorder of martyrs’ relatives, veterans and veterans’ relatives, who are worn out due to the processes experienced, even if they do not show any symptoms, will increase the quality of life. In addition, it is thought that regular group work by multidisciplinary teams consisting of social workers and psychologists within the scope of psychosocial support will positively affect the quality of life.

Social Policies Implemented for Martyrs’ Relatives, Veterans and Veterans’ Relatives: The Case of the Sakarya Province

Onur

Bilal

In the last quarter of the 20th century, the structure of sectors and employment has changed and advances in technology have increased unemployment rates. On the other hand, changes in the production and organisational structures of workplaces, as well as the internationalisation of competition due to globalisation, have led to an increase in flexible forms of employment such as temporary and part-time work (Görmüş, 2019, p. 68).When discussing the labour market’s failure, unemployment is often the first issue that comes to mind, but underemployment is also a significant issue when considering the productivity loss it causes. Underemployment is undoubtedly a significant issue in terms of the wasteful use of resources, even though it does not have the same profound macroeconomic implications as unemployment (Dikmen, 2021, p. 212).In practically all developing countries, underemployment and unemployment in urban areas are still prevalent. In this regard, underemployment and unemployment are significant issues in Türkiye. People cannot withstand unemployment for a long time because it comes at a heavy cost. To end unemployment, unemployed people might need to take advantage of their current job chances. People are being used inefficiently in this situation (Küçükali and Özmen, 2019, p. 142). In other words, underemployment causes a loss of social welfare. This problem is more common in agriculture economies, where informal employment is widespread, and in medium- and small-sized underdeveloped or developing countries where businesses dominate the economy. In this respect, it can be stated that underemployment is an important problem area in Türkiye (Ünal and Gönülaçan, 2019, p. 130).&nbsp;Underemployment affects young people, women, and low-skilled workers globally. These individuals want full-time, permanent jobs but are often forced to accept temporary or part-time jobs. In general, the average education level of the labour force is increasing worldwide. However, despite the high educational attainment, the labour market often does not meet the needs of higher education. One consequence of this is the problem of overqualification, skills mismatch, or underemployment. Similarly, one of the major problems facing Türkiye is the inability of educated youth to find a job. In addition, another important problem area is that young people work in fields different from their qualifications or are employed on a temporary and part-time basis rather than full-time. As in other countries of the world, underemployment, which is a broadly defined element of unemployment in Türkiye, is an important social policy problem that points to the loss of productivity (Emeç, Üçdoğruk Birecikli and Kümbül Güler, 2020, p. 139-140).Time-related underemployment is an important issue that requires examination. The purpose of this research is to analyse the variables influencing time-related underemployment in Türkiye. The sample was derived from the microdataset for 2022 Household Labour Force Statistics from TURKSTAT. First, those who were employed and working during the reference week were chosen from among the 628,936 participants. Then, individuals working less than 40 h per week were included in the sample. In the third stage, people except for the heads of households and their spouses and children were eliminated. Finally, those who worked during the reference week but had 0 working hours were excluded from the sample. The final sample size consisted of 37.958 participants.In this research, time-related underemployment was the dependent variable. This variable was measured on the basis of respondents’ answers to the questions on employment, willingness to work more time and availability to work more time. Three categories were used to group the independent variables. Individual variables include gender, age, level of education, and marital status. Social variables included proximity, household size, and region of residence, whereas work-related variables included SSI registration and workplace situation. The research aims to answer two basic questions: (1) Are there statistically significant differences in time-related underemployment between the sub-sample groups? (2) To what extent do the independent variables used in the research explain the probability of being in time-related underemployment?The article is divided into three main sections. The first highlights the conceptual discussion of time-related underemployment and emphasises the issue’s importance in the literature. Following that, TURKSTAT data are used to present the current situation of affairs in Türkiye. In the second part, after the method and sample used were introduced, the analyses were carried out. The distribution of time-related underemployment among subsample groups is analysed using descriptive statistics. Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal– Wallis-H tests, which are non-parametric analysis techniques, were utilised for difference analyses since it was found by the normality test (Kolmogorov-Smirnov) that the data were not normally distributed. Finally, binary logistic regression analysis was used to analyse the variables that explain time-related underemployment. In the last section, the results are summed up and contrasted with the results of the previous studies in the literature.The results of the analyses that were carried out can be summed up. The difference analysis findings indicate that every variable used causes statistically significant differences in time-related underemployment. Most the sub-sample groupings show a considerable differentiation when pairwise comparisons between them are considered. The dependent variable’s change is explained by every independent variable, with the exception of household size, according to the findings of the binary logistic regression analysis. Together, individual, social, and work-related variables account for 19.2% of the risk of time-related underemployment.

What are We Missing? Quantitative Analysis of Time-Related Underemployment

Neşe

The Importance of the “Social Agenda” in the G20 Decision-Making: Increasing or Decreasing

Kubilay

Enes

The global population is rapidly ageing, a trend propelled by the combination of increasing life expectancy and declining fertility rates, thanks to advancements in health care and medical technology. This demographic shift necessitates the development of city policies that prioritize the well-being of senior citizens, ensuring they can lead healthy and harmonious lives. In this context, the significance of age-friendly cities and municipalities becomes even more pronounced, underlining the urgency of the issue.Population projections also show that Türkiye’s population is ageing rapidly. The decrease in childbirth and prolonged life expectancy are reasons for the population ageing. Age-friendly city and municipality practices are critically crucial for Türkiye, which is undergoing demographic change. The urgency of this issue cannot be overstated. In this sense, the World Health Organisation (WHO) Global Network of Age-Friendly Cities and Communities is vital in identifying different practices and using them as a model.TheWHOGlobal Network for Age-Friendly Cities and Communities, launched in 2010, plays a crucial role in meeting the needs of the ageing population. The network not only promotes age-friendly cities and communities but also facilitates the sharing of knowledge, experience, and good practices. The commitment of cities and communities to implement age-friendly practices, with the cooperation of various stakeholders, is a testament to the network’s influence. It provides guidance, resources, and information sharing, and organizes training programmes and workshops to ensure the effective implementation of age-friendly practices.A qualitative method was used in the study. The services provided by Muratpaşa, Kadıköy, Beşiktaş, Seyhan, Bornova Municipalities and Mersin Metropolitan Municipality, which are included in the WHO Age-Friendly Cities and Communities Network from Türkiye, were obtained through document review data collection method within the framework of the strategic plans of the member municipalities covering the years 2020-2024 and the annual reports published between 2020-2023. These documents were then analyzed using a content analysis approach. The findings were associated with the sub-themes of age-friendly cities published by WHO. Thus, the age-friendly activities of the Network member municipalities in Türkiye were revealed, providing crucial insights for the audience. In addition, the themes under which these services are concentrated have been associated.The world population and the population of Türkiye are ageing. Municipalities provide services within the age-friendly city concept, focusing on specific service groups. This study aims to reveal the current state of age-friendly city practices and the relationship between activities and sub-themes.This research focuses on identifying and tracking age-friendly city policies implemented by municipalities, particularly in Türkiye. It highlights the lack of studies evaluating age-friendly municipal practices in Türkiye and emphasizes the importance of the research. The findings show that municipalities generally focus on home health and care services for older adults, but there is a lack of activities offered in areas such as civic participation, employment, transport, accommodation, and physical structures. Increasing municipal service diversity can contribute to the happy and active aging of elderly citizens. Spreading elderly home-type applications can facilitate older adults’ access to services and help them easily follow authority and responsibility in services.During the COVID-19 pandemic, the policy development and implementation of the network of member municipalities for older adults were disrupted. There was a significant increase in demand for some services before and after the pandemic. Some of the services provided for older adults were not offered after the pandemic. It was concluded that a significant portion of these services were meaningful during the pandemic, while their provision became meaningless after the pandemic.In the activity reports for 2020-2023, duplicate data of the municipalities’ health and social service units were found. It is considered that there needs to be more clarity in authority and responsibility. For a solution, the unit responsible for determining the strategic plan must share the data in reporting. There are also various irregularities in the activity reports. It is observed that some data are shown under different headings by years, some are combined, and some data are not included at all. Maintaining the reporting method adopted by the Municipality within the strategic plan period will contribute to solving this problem.Six municipalities in Turkey are showing interest in age-friendly initiatives, aligning with global trends and WHO objectives. While progress has been made in infrastructure and healthcare, more comprehensive policies are urgently needed to address economic security and employment opportunities for older individuals. Immediate action is necessary to tackle these issues.

Age-Friendly Municipalism Practices in Türkiye: A Review in the Context of the Global Network of Age-Friendly Cities and Communities

Zehra

Meryem

When extraordinary living conditions are combined with the existing limitations of the disabled, a dire picture emerges. For all these reasons, the disabled are included in the priority groups that need to be rescued and protected in conflict situations. There is a requirement in international law to help and protect civilians in conflicts. In cases where sufficient food, water and medical supplies cannot be provided, the delivery of humanitarian aid should be facilitated. Among those who need help in these environments, the most difficult to reach are the disabled, who are isolated from society, have limited mobility, and have difficulty communicating and obtaining information. In addition to the difficulties currently experienced by disabled individuals, the disabled population in Gaza tends to increase every day.While international organisations submit reports on the situation, they also call for an immediate permanent ceasefire. However, urgent ceasefire calls that do not have sanctions are not being met. The extent to which many international organisations and professional associations established with the discourse of human rights act in accordance with their missions when it comes to non-Western societies has begun to be questioned more around the world after October 7, 2023. These deprivations to which Gaza’s people and particularly disabled individuals are subjected provide a general picture of right violations in a wide range and systematically.The starting point of this study is to understand the current situation of the disabled people of Gaza, who are under threat of life on the one hand and have a double disadvantage of limited mobility on the other, and to examine their problems. In this context, the main problem of the study can be stated as discovering whether the disabled, who are one of the vulnerable groups, are able to use their basic rights in the conflict environment in Gaza, while they should be protected as a priority in the conflict environment, what the disabled people of Gaza with intersectional disadvantages experience, what international organisations are doing for the disabled in Gaza, and how the future of the disabled people in Gaza will be shaped.The titles and content of the study were also created in line with this problem in the light of the literature review and current developments. In this context, the study will first include the changing meanings and perspectives of disability throughout the historical process. In this section, a sequence will be followed from the traditional perspective to the human rights model in terms of perspectives on disability. Then, the ontological questioning of living a life that can be constantly monitored under a blockade will be made specifically for Gaza. Afterwards, the responsibilities of international organisations, the problems and basic needs of the disabled people in Gaza during the conflict will be discussed, and then the future of the disabled people in Gaza will be discussed.Although there are studies on the damage caused by the conflict environment and human rights violations in general due to Gaza being under blockade for many years and being in a conflict environment from time to time, there is no study in the Turkish literature that specifically focuses on the problems experienced by disabled people in Gaza. Therefore, this study aims to contribute to both disability studies and human rights studies by focusing on disabled people in Gaza.As a result of the political and economic policies implemented by Israel against Gaza under the blockade, restrictions on the mobility of people and goods, as well as discrimination, social exclusion, poverty and unemployment problems have made the lives of disabled people in Gaza even more difficult. In this regard, Human Rights Watch (HRW) (2023a) stated that including comprehensive restrictions on the movement of people and goods significantly affects disabled people. The systematic discrimination of disabled people has resulted in their exclusion from all kinds of economic and social activities. The rights of people with disabilities to live independently, to live a life worthy of human dignity, to employment, education, health and rehabilitation services are systematically violated. The needs of the elderly, the disabled and the patients who cannot leave their homes were not taken into account in Israel’s order to evacuate Northern Gaza (Human Rights Watch, 2024a). In particular, the fact that humanitarian aid does not meet the needs of people with disabilities poses a significant problem. People with disabilities continue to be forgotten victims of armed conflict. The impact of armed conflict on people with disabilities continues to be a subject largely ignored by all actors. There are at least one billion people with disabilities in the world, and a large portion of them live in states affected by the conflict (Priddy, 2019:74).In the armed conflicts in Gaza, people with disabilities of all ages experience more disadvantages than other population groups. While all this is happening, it is stated that concepts such as “human rights” and “human dignity and value” put forward by international organisations remain as meta-narratives. It is seen that disciplines that position themselves as human rights professions, along with international organisations, have not received the necessary reaction regarding Gaza. In this context, Algan et al. (2024) stated that social work, which is a human rights discipline and profession, has a passive attitude regarding Gaza. They stated that only written statements were made by the International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW), and that many roles and functions of social work such as advocacy, mediation, activism, community mobilisation and anti-oppression practises were not effective enough. Israel does not consider the situation of disabled individuals in random air strikes and evacuation orders. Despite the existence of international agreements on the rights of disabled people, disabled people in Gaza cannot benefit from these rights, the calls of international organisations are not met, and disabled people are subjected to natural selection. The human rights discourse turns into an ambivalent practise regarding Gaza.

Being Disabled in Gaza: A Situation Assessment in the Context of Problems, Needs and International Organisations

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In the present day, the discipline of “social policy” is mainly studied under the departments of Labour Economics and Industrial Relations (LEIR) since it includes topics such resolving problems of workers during production and reducing class conflicts. Apart from the departments of “Labour Economics and Industrial Relations,” courses and academic studies on “social policy” are also current in other departments such as social work, sociology, and public administration. Even though the development of social policy in Turkey is mainly covered by two prominent schools (Istanbul University and Ankara University), there are different opinions on the matter. The present study analyses the outlook of the academic projection of “social policy,” which has a long-standing tradition within the context of graduate theses. Narrowly defined, social policy aims to eliminate the conflicts, imbalances, and conflicts of interest that arise between employers and workers in the capitalist order, to harmonize between classes and to address the problems of industrial societies. Broadly defined however, social policy refers to studies that deal with issues of all social groups, covering common areas and producing solutions to problems. Social policy, which is one of the fundamental fields of the Labour Economics and Industrial Relations discipline, has spread to areas such as labour markets, labour, social security law, human resource management, sociology of work and organizational management, and work psychology.Difficult to define and limit, the scope of “social policy” is quite broad. In its fullest sense, it encompasses all policies aimed at making changes in the social structure. Even though its course of development differs from one country to another, the concept of social policy was influenced by the Industrial Revolution and conditions at that time and, in time, has become a scientific discipline. Its main feature can be defined as the aim of maintaining the continuity of the economic and social system by partly compensating and eliminating problems and adverse outcomes stemming from the system.&nbsp;In a narrow sense, social policy intends to eliminate inconsistencies, imbalances, and conflicts of interest emerging between employers and workers in the capitalist order and to maintain harmony between classes. It focuses on the problems of industrial societies. In a broad sense, it signifies the entire body of practices concerned with the issues of all social groups, covering social fields, and providing solutions for problems. In this context, social policy aims&nbsp;to offer solutions for the problems of all social groups by considering all social fields. Accordingly, it also includes factors like education, health, the protection of craftspeople, taxation policies, agriculture, and the cooperative system.&nbsp;While social policy grew as a scientific discipline and underwent changes and transformations in terms of practice, it mainly flourished under the departments of “Labour Economics and Industrial Relations” within the higher education system in Turkey. In other words, emerging and developing in parallel with the need for solutions to problems encountered in society, the discipline of social policy has also brought about the emergence of the department of “Labour Economics and Industrial Relations.” Nowadays, as a result of the diversification of social problems, the scope of the department has also widened within this context and, due to the rapid development of information technologies stemming from globalization, social policy has become more crucial. These developments have led to an increased interest in social policies and academic studies concerning social policy.&nbsp;Adopting a partly detailed perspective through the analysis of graduate theses, the present study attempts to answer the following questions:• How are the theses examined within the scope of the study distributed across years, graduate study levels, and universities? • How are the subjects of theses on “social policy” distributed? • Do the theses involve field research? • How are these theses connected with the definition and concept of social policy?These questions are answered within the framework of dimensions created based on the studies in the national academic literature.This study has a qualitative research design allowing the presentation of research results by reading the data one-by-one based on codes and categories. The qualitative research method was accepted as the most suitable research method for this study which aims to determine the thematic states of graduate theses, including the concept of “social policy” in their titles and analyze and comment on the theses thoroughly.&nbsp;The research population consists of 3836 theses written within the scope of “Labour Economics and Industrial Relations” in the database (National Thesis Centre) of the Turkish Council of Higher Education (CoHE). As for the study sample, it comprises 124 theses. The data obtained as a result of scanning using the keyword “social policy” in the “Title” tab in the “Detailed Search” section were transferred onto “Excel” spreadsheets, and MAXQDA Analytics Pro 2018 and the theses offering access to full texts were downloaded.&nbsp;The theses were classified according to publication years, levels of graduate study, and institutes. To ensure validity and reliability, the Excel data files created by the researcher based on the lists of theses from the CoHE database were presented to an expert for consultation. Based on the opinion of this expert, the keywords of the research questions were finalized.The document analysis method was employed in the study to analyze the content of the theses. The document analysis stages used in the present study can be listed as follows: “accessing documents,” “obtaining documents,” “analyzing the data,” and “using the data”.Due to the interdisciplinary nature of the concept, “social policy” covers a wide range of fields in academic studies. Following a general examination of research studies, it seems that the feared effect of the combination of the words “social” and “policy” does not occur. This issue, emphasized in the studies of Makal (2008), and Koray (2013), is worthy of further discussion. Just like this argument, the entire research is undoubtedly open to critique and further development. This is a qualitative study, and it is not independent of the value judgment, observations, and experience of the researcher. Given the number of studies conducted within the scope of this discipline in which each review is either the reason or outcome of another increase, a clearer picture regarding the subject matter will be revealed.

Evaluating Graduate Theses on Labour Economics and Industrial Relations in Turkey within the Context of “Social Policy”

Hülya

After the Second World War, European states attempted to overcome major economic difficulties by inviting guest workers to their countries in order to resolve the manpower deficit left by the war. Over time, however, immigrants who moved from developing countries like Turkey to Western European states abandoned their “guest worker” status and began to settle permanently in these countries. Because of this, immigrants’ cultural problems, identity issues and concepts of culturalization, integration, and assimilation began to be studied to a much greater extent in the fields of sociology and political science.Turkish labor migration to Germany started following an agreement signed between Turkey and Germany on October 30, 1961. In the first year, 6,800 Turks arrived in Germany, and their population steadily increased over the years. The Turkish population in Germany rose to 652,000 in 1971, 1,546,000 in 1981, and 1,780,000 in 1991. Turks who moved to Germany in the first decade following the agreement are considered to be the first generation of Turkish immigrants. Members of this generation had no information about Germany before their arrival and experienced serious difficulties in adapting to their new country. They were generally unskilled workers, they could not speak German, and they preserved Turkish values rather than assimilating German ones. As this group was seen by the Germans as temporary guest workers, integration policies were not applied to them&nbsp;The second generation of Turkish immigrants in Germany appeared from 1974 to 1984. They were the children of the first generation, or they came to Germany under the laws of family reunification. In fact, beginning from the 1980s, the German government sought certain ways to encourage Turkish immigrants to return to their country, but these efforts proved largely ineffective. Even if a number of Turkish immigrants returned to Turkey, their children opted to stay in Germany, and thus the Turkish population continued to increase. Members of the second generation could speak some German, and some of them were educated in German schools. Following the formation of the second generation, German officials realized that presence of Turks in Germany would be permanent, and accordingly initiated some policies to ensure the integration of next generations to German society.The third generation of Turkish immigrants is the product of these policies. These people are young, aged 18-29, and living in Germany. Compared to the previous generations, members of the third generation have a much closer relationship to German society. They were born and educated in Germany, they can speak German fluently and their friends are generally German. As they have also adapted to German culture and lifestyle to a great extent, it can be argued that the integration&nbsp;policies launched by the German state took root in this generation. Because of their proximity to German language and culture, these young Turks are quite active in the daily and professional life of Germany. On the other hand, they have not learned Turkish language and culture very well; they have some persistent conflicts with their families and previous generations. Alienation from Turkish identity is the most crucial problem in the overall structure of third generation.In this study, the process of migration and integration of Turkish immigrants in Germany is examined and a comparison of the first and third generation Turks is made. The article argues that the changing cultural dimension of the Turkish immigrants in Germany originated from state policies to bring third-generation Turks closer to German culture and society.

Process of Migration and Integration of Turks in Germany: Comparison of the First and Third Generations

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Murat

Özge

According to the referendum held in the United Kingdom (UK) in June 2016, the proportion of “leavers” was much higher. Since the referendum, the debate about the future of the European Union (EU) has progressed into a different dimension. In total, 51.9% of the citizens of UK voted to leave the EU as a result of the referendum where European skepticism was evident. This led to some doubts about the future integration model of the EU. In this period, many factors were observed as the impulsion that generated the mode of debates on the future of European integration. One of the most important and controversial factors at the EU level can be identified as migration. Especially after the Syrian Crisis, the number and the types of migrants coming from Syria to other regions were seen as a concern by many states in political, economic, and social terms. Even if the EU’s security and border management policies had taken root far before the start of the Syrian Civil War, the Syrians who escaped from the civil war have increased the security concerns of member states to the highest levels. In parallel with the increase of security concerns, the perception of the EU regarding migrants exists as a controvertible subject at a political level because of the differentiated approaches of EU members regarding this issue. Anti-immigration discourses have become a very effective form of populist expression in certain policy areas. One of the examples of this style of expression that has gained more ground in recent years can be observed in UK’s EU referendum process. In this context, evaluating anti-immigrant discourses in referendum campaigns presents important clues regarding the rise of Eurosceptic trends in the EU.In this article, discourses on immigration and migrants during the referendum campaigns are presented as one of the main drivers that paved the way for Brexit (Britain-exit). The instrumentalization of the immigrant opposition arose out of debates between the Conservative Party and the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP), and this provides an example of the position of migration in the EU. The rise of far-right politics and populist radical discourses are a defined problem that the EU must overcome and the UK referendum process is supposed to be held as a concrete sample regarding this problem. Therefore, as a tool of populist and far-right wing discourses, explaining the anti-immigration aspects in the UK’s referendum process is the main aim of this study. In this context, the presentation of the immigrants as an economic and social burden on the EU member states is a critically moot point that questions the future of the EU. So, as a factor that is pushing the discourses of the far-right wing, populists, and anti-immigrant can be defined as a risk for the EU and its normative characterization. This study aims to explain how anti-immigrant discourses can influence the campaign process and to what extent it affected the UK’s decision to leave the EU.According to the literature, Brexit has been held in terms of the process itself, and a future model of European integration is now on the agenda of many scholars&nbsp;in terms of the many risks that the EU has confronted. Even if Brexit does not seem like an astonishing step, it is a factor pushing anti-immigrant discourses that draw a considerable scene. Among the member states, UK has been defined as the representative of Eurosceptic tradition for a long time. In the EU, where there has been a developing culture of solidarity among member states in areas such as the Eurozone, the Justice and Home Affairs, and the Schengen Area, the separation of UK politics from the culture of solidarity has been assessed as the axis of European skepticism. When considering UK’s isolated preferences in some European level policy areas and its Eurosceptic tendency, we can evaluate Brexit as not being a surprising event. However, anti-immigrant discourses in the process can be evaluated as a challenging dimension. Anti-immigrant discourse has not only widened its influence in the UK’s political scene, it has reached a worrisome dimension in many other parts of the EU today. Therefore, analyzing the Brexit process presents a tangible outcome about to what extent anti-immigrant and populist discourses can widen their influence in the European Union.

The Impact of Anti-Immigration Discourses in the United Kingdom on the Brexit Process

Çetin

Turkey has been caught unprepared for the influx of asylum seekers and migrants since the 1990s and the increasing number of refugees fleeing the Syrian war since 2011. Today, more than 3.5 million Syrians and over 300,000 non-Syrian asylum seekers are residing in Turkey. They are among the most disadvantaged groups in Turkish society. Turkey’s migration and asylum system has been undergoing a transition process since the early 2000s. Recently, the Law on Foreigners and International Protection (LFIP) in 2013 and the Regulation on Temporary Protection (RTP) in 2016 have been adopted to categorize and manage different asylum-seeker groups. The main difference between them is that non-Syrian asylum seekers can apply for international protection to be resettled to a third country and must register in a satellite city. Today, there are more than 60 satellite cities as defined by the Ministry of Interior Directorate General of Migration Management (DGMM). According to the Article 82-1 of Law on Foreigners and International Protection (2014), refugees and asylum seekers are only allowed to live in satellite cities for reasons of security and public order, and to prevent accumulation in big cities. Düzce is one of the satellite cities as defined by DGMM. More than seven thousand asylum seekers, mostly from Iraq, Syria, Iran and Afghanistan, are currently living in Düzce. This paper explores the difficulties of accessing social services and the social integration problems of asylum seekers in Düzce from a gender- and human rights-based social-work perspective.This paper is based on an empirical research using a qualitative approach and a snowball sampling method. In-depth interviews with 21 asylum seekers and two key informants from public institutions, Düzce Governorship and the City Branch of Migration Management, were conducted. In addition, several public institutions in education, health, and social services, as well as non-governmental organizations’ activities for asylum seekers, were investigated. The socio-economic support options in Düzce include free education for children, Turkish-language courses for adults, free access to health care (including free medications) and 120 TRY given by Kızılay Card to meet some requirements such as food and shelter. Also, some NGOs provide irregular economic support based on humanitarian aid. Our findings show that although asylum seekers are entitled to access some social services, including education, health services or employment, they have difficulties accessing them due to language barriers, work obligations, health problems, and gendered responsibilities.Asylum seekers cannot access healthy accommodations and usually face lowpaying or irregular employment and/or non-payment problems, social exclusion and stigmatization in Düzce; and these problems deepen their psychological problems&nbsp;caused by the war. In particular, female asylum seekers have serious problems meeting their daily needs, such as food and shelter, accessing to health care, and public services. As a result of limited access to psycho-social and economic support mechanisms, female asylum seekers face unique gender-based risks, including sexual harassment in their search for employment or aid.&nbsp;At the local level, the needs of asylum seekers are met through a “philanthropist” approach, where social workers are not involved. Asylum seekers consist of different groups, including children, youth, the elderly, disabled individuals, and single women, and they all have different problems and needs. Based on empirical research, some recommendations can be made to support asylum seekers more effectively. In general, these recommendations include the empowerment of asylum seekers via different support mechanisms, such as an easy access to multi-lingual information services, accommodation, and human rights-based socio-economic supports. Most importantly, in order to fight against gender-based violence, human rights based and gender-sensitive psycho-social and economic support mechanisms should be developed for female asylum seekers in Düzce and all over Turkey.

Asylum Seekers’ Social Integration Problems and Access to Social Services: A Case of Düzce Satellite City

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Journal of Social Policy Conferences is a peer-reviewed bi-annual journal which is published by the Department of Labor Economics and Industrial Relations of Istanbul University Faculty of Economics. The journal aims to publish, theoretical and applied studies on labor economics, employee-employers relations, unemployment, poverty, social assistance, social services, social security, social insurance and all studies on the social, legal and economic aspects of working life as well as social policies regarding women, youth, elders and all disadvantageous groups. 
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Journal of Social Policy Conferences aims to represent an interdisciplinary academic platform for both national and international social policy debates, to construct the links between academic research and social policy regulations in Turkey, to make a contribution to comparative and international studies by publishing both theoretical and empirical research on the field of social policy, labour economics, industrial relations, social security, social services, labour law, sociology of work, organizational behavior, psychology of working and human resources management and by doing so, to reflect a comprehensive approach to solve the social policy issues in the Turkey.Journal of Social Policy Conferences is a scientific journal for the publication of research and studies including theoretical, philosophical, historical and political essays, research papers, case reports and reviews, international and comparative papers; encompassing all aspects of social policy, labour relations, labour economics, labour law, sociology of work, work and organizational psychology and human resources management.· Topics of interest may include-but not limited to- social policy studies, such as history of social policy, instruments of social policy, unemployment, poverty, social services, social security, income distribution, working conditions, migration, discrimination, social exclusion and social policies regarding women, youth, the elderly and all disadvantaged groups, education and environmental policies and international social policy debates.· In the field of Labour Economics; labour supply and demand in labour markets, employment, unemployment, wages, productivity and labour market policies.In the field of Industrial Relations;From the historical perspective, workers 'movements, labour unions, civil servants' unions, employer unions, collective labour disputes and solutions, collective bargaining, the role of the state in industrial relations, comparative industrial relations, social dialogue with the effect of globalization on industrial relations.In the field of Social Security;historical development of social security, management, techniques, institutional structure, financing, economic and financial dimension, legal dimension, new applications in social security systems.Social Services;methods and techniques, social services for the family, women, children, young people, disabled and elderly people, social work practices in the fields of health, education and justice and social services organizations.In the field of Labour Law;collective labour law issues such as the obligations arising from the employment contract, termination of the employment contract, severance pay, working hours, applications to disadvantaged groups, labour law issues, unions, collective bargaining, strike and lockout practices.In the field of Sociology of Work;classical and contemporary approaches, the effect of technology on working life, social stratification and classes, alienation, leisure industry, globalization, gender issues in working life, generations and transformation.In the field of Organizational Behaviour; corporate culture, leadership, motivation, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, work ethic, stress in organizations, conflict, power and politics.In the field of work psychology;meaning and importance of working in an individual's life, career development, ergonomics, work monotony, burnout syndrome.In the field of Human Resources;management, organization, planning, business analysis, training, performance appraisal, career management, wage management, strategic human resources management, international human resources management, information systems.*The Journal of Social Politics Conferences includes academic articles as well as book reviews in relevant fields and decision-making studies in the field of business law.

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All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a>) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.RetractionJournal follows <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/retraction-guidelines-cope.pdf" target="_blank">COPE’s Retraction Guidelines</a> in case of retraction. The editor has the right to retract an article if: <ul><li>There is clear evidence that the findings are unreliable; either as a result of a major error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error), or as a result of fabrication (e.g. of data) or falsification (e.g. image manipulation).</li><li>It contains plagiarised content. </li><li>It has been published elsewhere without proper attribution. </li><li>It contains material or data without authorisation for use.</li><li>There is copyright infringement or there is some other serious legal issue.</li><li>It reports unethical research. </li><li>There is evidence that the peer-review process is compromised or manipulated.</li><li>The author(s) failed to disclose a significant competing interest (also known as a conflict of interest) that, in the opinion of the editor, would have unduly influenced the interpretation of the work or the recommendations of the editors and peer reviewers.</li></ul>In case of retraction the following steps are followed:<ul><li>Retraction notice including article title is published in a subsequent issue of the journal. The retraction notice is paginated and listed in the table of contents. </li><li>A link is provided between the retraction notice and the original article in the electronic version. </li><li>The online article is preceded by a page containing the retraction notice; the reader can then proceed to the article itself.</li><li>The original article remains unchanged, except for a watermark on the .pdf on each page stating that it has been &#34;retracted”.</li></ul>Article Removal for Legal ReasonsIn the following circumstances, except the metadata (title and authors), the text of the article is removed and a page informing that the article has been removed for legal reasons replaces the article. <ul><li>The article is found to be defamatory or to infringe the legal rights of others, and retraction is not deemed to be an adequate solution.</li><li>The article has been, or is reasonably likely to be the subject of a court order.</li><li>There is a significant risk to public health. </li></ul>

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

Journal of Social Policy Conferences is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.- Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.- The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.- The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.- Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.- Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.- The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.- In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.- If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.- In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/8DBF2AEBD8FE47FABD56531152311269" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by editor-in-chief  upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing. Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed. Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal. Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective. Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side. A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process. The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Peer Review

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by Editor-in-Chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated?- Are the methods described comprehensively?- Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

LanguageArticles in Turkish and English are published. Submitted Turkish article must include an English abstract, keyword and an extended abstract. Extended abstract in English is not required for articles in English.Manuscript Organization and FormatAll correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="mailto:sosyalsiyasetdergi@istanbul.edu.tr" target="_blank">sosyalsiyasetdergi@istanbul.edu.tr</a> and it must be accompanied by a cover letter indicating that the manuscript is intended for publication, specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). Manuscripts should be prepared in Microsoft Word 2003 and upper versions. In addition, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/8DBF2AEBD8FE47FABD56531152311269" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted.<ol><li>The manuscripts should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 12 font size, line spacing of 1.5 and “justify align” format. For indented paragraph, tab key should be used. One line spacing should be used for the tables and figures, which are included in the text.</li><li>The title of the text should be centered on the page, in lower-case letter, bold, Times New Roman font and 14 font size.</li><li>Information about the author is to be written on the left part of the page skipping one line space after the title, and it should be in Times New Roman font, 10 font size, with one line spacing. After indicating the name of the author in lower-case letter and surname in capital letter, the title, affiliation, and e-mail address should be included.</li><li>Before the introduction part, there should be an abstract of 200-250 words both in the language of the article and in English. An extended abstract in English between 600-800 words, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the methodology used is to be included following the abstracts. If the manuscript is in English, extended abstract is not required. Underneath the abstracts, 5 keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified in the language of the article and in English.</li><li>The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; extended abstract (If the manuscript is in English, extended abstract is not required), sections, footnotes and references.</li><li>Tables, graphs and figures can be given with a number and a defining title if and only if it is necessary to follow the idea of the article. Otherwise features like demographic characteristics can be given within the text.</li><li>A <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/9A81F22189C1441EA0295B632B933403" target="_blank">title page</a> including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The <a href="http://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/FileHandler2.ashx?f=sskd_title-page_637060533239753097.docx">title page</a> is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, ORCID, postal address, phone and fax number of the author(s) (see The Submission Checklist).</li><li>The rights of the manuscripts submitted to our journal for publication, belongs to the author(s).</li><li>The author(s) can be asked to make some changes in their articles due to peer reviews.</li><li>A copy of the journal will be sent to each author of the accepted articles upon their request.</li><li>The studies that were sent to the journal will not be returned whether they are published or not.</li></ol>

Author Guidelines

Before beginning the online submission process please read the Information for Authors and make sure you have the followings available:Article submissions should be submitted <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/login" target="_blank">Dergipark</a> or directly to the e-mail address <a href="mailto:sosyalsiyasetdergi@istanbul.edu.tr" target="_blank">sosyalsiyasetdergi@istanbul.edu.tr</a>Cover letter to the editor<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li> <li>Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li> <li>Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li> <li>Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA.</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/8DBF2AEBD8FE47FABD56531152311269" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscript<a href="http://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/FileHandler2.ashx?f=sskd_title-page_637060533239753097.docx" target="_blank">Title page</a><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>The title of the manuscript both in the languge of the manuscript and in English</li> <li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li> <li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li> <li>ORCIDs of all authors.</li> </ul> </ul>Main Manuscript Document<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript both in the language of manuscript and in English</li> <li>Abstracts (200-250 words) both in the language of manuscript and in English</li> <li>Key words: 5 words both in the language of manuscript and in English</li> <li>Extended Abstract (600-800 words) in English (for the articles which are not in English)</li> <li>Grant Support (if exits)</li> <li>Conflict of interest (if exits)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exits)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul>

Although references to review articles can be an efficient way to guide readers to a body of literature, review articles do not always reflect original work accurately. Readers should therefore be provided with direct references to original research sources whenever possible. On the other hand, extensive lists of references to original work on a topic can use excessive space on the printed page. Small numbers of references to key original papers often serve as well as more exhaustive lists, particularly since references can now be added to the electronic version of published papers, and since electronic literature searching allows readers to retrieve published literature efficiently. Papers accepted but not yet included in the issue are published online in the Early View section and they should be cited as “advance online publication”. Citing a “personal communication” should be avoided unless it provides essential information not available from a public source, in which case the name of the person and date of communication should be cited in parentheses in the text. For scientific articles, written permission and confirmation of accuracy from the source of a personal communication must be obtained.Reference Style and FormatJournal of Social Policy Conferences complies with APA (American Psychological Association) style 6th Edition for referencing and quoting. For more information:-    American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.-    <a href="http://www.apastyle.org" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org</a>Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis.If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation;(Esin, et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors;First citation in the text: (Ailen, Ciambrune, &amp; Welch, 2000) Subsequent citations in the text: (Ailen, et al., 2000)Citations with more than six authors;(Çavdar, et al., 2003)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Basic Reference TypesBooka) Turkish BookKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. Ankara, Turkey: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into TurkishMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.c) Edited BookÖren, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish Encyclopedia of Informatics]. İstanbul, Turkey: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple AuthorsTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Ankara, Turkey: Total Bilişim.e) Book in EnglishKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited BookBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Bursa, Turkey: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisherAmerican Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Articlea) Turkish ArticleMutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Articlede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Seven AuthorsLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) Journal Article from Web, without DOISidani, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of nursing care effectiveness. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35(3), 26–38. Retrieved from http://cjnr.mcgill.cae) Journal Article wih DOITurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online PublicationSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Article in a MagazineHenry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28–31.Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceedinga) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial DatabaseVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943436)b) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional DatabaseYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Retrieved from: http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalic) Dissertation/Thesis from WebTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar /phd/ickapak.htmld) Dissertation/Thesis abstracted in Dissertations Abstracts InternationalAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.e) Symposium ContributionKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.f) Conference Paper Abstract Retrieved OnlineLiu, S. (2005, May). Defending against business crises with the help of intelligent agent based early warning solutions. Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Miami, FL. Abstract retrieved from http://www.iceis.org/iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htmg) Conference Paper - In Regularly Published Proceedings and Retrieved OnlineHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105h) Proceeding in Book FormParsons, O. A., Pryzwansky, W. B., Weinstein, D. J., &amp; Wiens, A. N. (1995). Taxonomy for psychology. In J. N. Reich, H. Sands, &amp; A. N. Wiens (Eds.), Education and training beyond the doctoral degree: Proceedings of the American Psychological Association National Conference on Postdoctoral Education and Training in Psychology (pp. 45–50). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.i) Paper PresentationNguyen, C. A. (2012, August). Humor and deception in advertising: When laughter may not be the best medicine. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.Other Sourcesa) Newspaper ArticleBrowne, R. (2010, March 21). This brainless patient is no dummy. Sydney Morning Herald, 45.b) Newspaper Article with no AuthorNew drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.c) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Encyclopedia/DictionaryIgnition. (1989). In Oxford English online dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed.comMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastDunning, B. (Producer). (2011, January 12). in Fact: Conspiracy theories [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/f) Single Episode in a Television SeriesEgan, D. (Writer), &amp; Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate. [Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), House; New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) MusicFuchs, G. (2004). Light the menorah. On Eight nights of Hanukkah [CD]. Brick, NJ: Kid Kosher.

Ensure that the following items are present:●    Cover letter to the editorü    The category of the manuscriptü    Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.ü    Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.ü    Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.ü    Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.ü    Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.ü    Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/8DBF2AEBD8FE47FABD56531152311269" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>●    Permission of previously published copyrighted material if used in the present manuscript●    <a href="http://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/FileHandler2.ashx?f=sskd_title-page_637060533239753097.docx" target="_blank">Title page</a>ü    The category of the manuscriptü    The title of the manuscriptü    All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addressesü    Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax numberü    ORCIDs of all authors.●    Main Manuscript Documentü    The title of the manuscriptü    Abstract (200-250 words)ü    Key words: 3 to 5 wordsü    Main article sectionsü    Grant support (if exists)ü    Conflict of interest (if exists)ü    Acknowledgement (if exists)ü    Referencesü    All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/8DBF2AEBD8FE47FABD56531152311269" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/AE60FD915FB14D6CA63465D03E515528" target="_blank">Title Form</a>

Issue Type	Thematic
Editor(s)	Sayım Yorgun
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