Elyesa

Res. Assist.

The sociology of professions as a developing field in the last decade in Turkey does not yet have a theoretical and conceptual ground. This article aims to critically evaluate the theoretical approaches developed to understand professions in the sociology literature since Durkheim and Weber. The theoretical spectrum which is classified here shows that Durkheimian and functionalist approaches were dominant in the literature until the 1960’s. The term profession is a legacy of this tradition which took as universal model prestigious jobs such as the lawyer and physician that have designated a high status and high income in Western societies since the 19th century. Since the 1970s, Weberian and Marxist approaches that emphasize conflict, struggle and power rather than harmony, have entered the field and fostered critical, skeptical and relational perspectives. Notions such as professional closure, monopoly, proletarianization, and field of power have become widespread in the last thirty years.&nbsp;Émile Durkheim described professions as moral communities (1986). For him, the industrialized European society witnessed the collision of “individual appetites” and “anarchic competition” as the state, religion and family lost their traditional regulatory power (p. 16). As a solution, professional morality should reinforce collective ethics that society lacks, since the ethical conduct that professions are rooted in require autonomy from industry and trade. This Durkheimian point of departure led also British social scientists from LSE of the same period to define profession and professionalism in contrast with the economic pursuit of profit (Carr-Saunders &amp; Wilson, 1933; Marshall, 1939; Tawney, 1920). In the USA, Talcott Parsons inherited that perspective with one essential change: for him, the fundamental attribute of professions was not the altruistic ethical code but the technical competence which should be rooted in scientific universalism as it is seen in modern physicians (Parsons, 1939, p. 458). Therefore, most American sociologists strove to determine the true attributes and traits of an established profession (Barber, 1963; Goode, 1957; Greenwood, 1957). In fact, the functionalist moment in the literature was heavily influenced by Abraham Flexner’s medical reform and definition of professionalism (Flexner, 1910, 2001).The concepts of professionalization and deprofessionalization were developed in the late 60’s by sociologists who preferred to describe professions as a process of institutionalization (Haug, 1973; Toren, 1975; Wilensky, 1964). However, it is only by the adaptation of the Weberian sociology of religion that a totally new conceptual schema was developed in the 1970’s. To see professions as social closure groups and monopoly holders is Max Weber’s main approach to any kind of hierocratic social closure (Weber, 1978, p. 304). For him, the shift from sorcerer to clergy is the archetype for professions as it contains systematic esoteric knowledge forbidden to the layman, institutional authority apart from political actors, established formal education, full time work regime, a mass of client and an internal symbolic economy (Ritzer, 1975, p. 631). Accordingly, Neo-Weberian studies of professions have mainly focused on the exclusionary development of modern medicine in the US and UK (Allsop &amp; Saks, 2003; Berlant, 1975; Freidson, 1970; Larkin, 1983; Larson, 1977; Parry &amp; Parry, 1976; Saks, 2015). Another focus of Neo-Weberian studies has been the legal professions (Burrage, 2006; Halliday, 1987; Rogowski, 1995). The other theoretical framework that has been developed since the 1970’s is the Neo-Marxist approach which introduced the concept of proletarianization, and recently precarity, to the sociology of professions in order to locate the issue in the class system of modern capitalism (Braverman, 1974; Coburn, 1994; Derber, 1983; Larson, 1980; McKinlay &amp; Arches, 1985; Navarro, 1988; Oppenheimer, 1972).The history of considering professions as fields of conflict and struggle goes back to the 1960’s. Rue Bucher and Anselm Strauss (1961) attacked the idea that professions are a harmonious unity based on altruism and ethical conduct. Even the medical professions are battlefields on which different classes and groups clash for the monopoly of legitimacy. Similarly, Terence Johnson determines three types of professional control: collegiate, patronage and mediative (1972b). Andrew Abbott creates a dynamic framework to study inter-professional and intra-professional boundary relations as a system (1988). Finally, Pierre Bourdieu offers a new concept, field, to critically study professions as fields of struggle for domination between groups of different capitals (Bourdieu, 1986, 2000). Today, the sociology of professions is a domain of various empirical studies and theoretical lines (Adams, 2015; Faulconbridge &amp; Muzio, 2012; Liljegren &amp; Saks, 2017; Saks, 2016; Suddaby &amp; Muzio, 2015; Susskind &amp; Susskind, 2015). However, from Everett Hughes to Julia Evetts, conceptual discussions and objections about the term profession reveal that a radical terminological correction is required (Becker, 1970; Bourdieu &amp; Wacquant, 2016, p. 247; Evetts, 1999, 2003; Habenstein, 1963; Hughes, 1958; J. A. Roth, 1974).

Meslek Sosyolojisinde Teorik Yaklaşımlar

Lütfi

Assoc. Prof.

Sociological research on occupations and professions in Turkey is in its infancy. It is not possible to find consistent and continuous data about occupations in nationwide surveys by relevant institutions such as TURKSTAT, Ministry of Labor, and SGK. On the other hand, data on the occupational structure of working life in Turkey is not fully available. Also, we do not have sufficient, standard, traceable, and reliable data regarding the components of professions, such as average earnings, education, gender, and age. Besides, professional associations and chambers do not have sufficient information and data about the relevant occupations. Despite an increase in qualitative research in recent years, the literature is not enough to feed new analysis.&nbsp;Occupations have vital importance in determining the social status and identity of individuals in daily life and an essential place in the formation and reformation of the social structure. The profession of a person is determined by some personal and social factors. The individual characteristics, education, and gender are personal factors, while the socio-economic status of the family is the most influential factor. On the other hand, occupation affects one’s income, social authority, and prestige at a high level. Therefore, occupations and professions have a central place in the analysis of the social structure. As discussed above, today, professions are of fundamental importance in these aspects. The research in this field will be helpful for the development of sociological studies in Turkey.This article is based on quantitative field research conducted in years 2019-2020 in Turkey, on working life and occupations, under the support of the Istanbul Chamber of Commerce. This paper analyses the occupational prestige scale and the change in the scores of each occupation in light of the data obtained from this research. The updated occupational prestige scale and analysis of the determinants of occupational prestige provide us with essential information regarding the social dimension of the professions. Thus, a valuable tool has been created to measure the social status, function, and value of the professions.The occupational prestige has been extensively analyzed within the framework of socio-cultural and demographic components. In this sense, the change in working life and jobs has also been discussed widely in the context of occupational prestige. As we see, the prestige and status of professions in Turkey are highly correlated with the general economic trend. Especially, growth and recession periods in the economy create critical changes in unemployment and sectoral structures. In addition, another critical issue is the disconnection between education and business life in Turkey. The education system does not train the people needed by employment and labor markets. For this reason; there is a high rate of educated youth unemployment. These problems, in particular, cause negative feelings about occupations and working life.The participants were asked to score the prestige of 133 professions in their eyes from 1 to 100. As a result, it is seen that the scoring rate of the professions is very high. After collecting the answers related to each profession, various statistical tests were performed according to these scores and whether&nbsp;the answers were healthy or not was tested. According to the average scores, a professional prestige scale was created. Subsequently, the professions included in this scale were subjected to cross analysis according to variables such as age, education, gender, income, and employment status. In addition, the prestige of the professions was handled comparatively with the research conducted in 2015.&nbsp;The prestige scores of each occupation are ranked in a certain logic. The prestige scores of the occupations which have a good income, require a good education, have a job guarantee, have a high authority level, and performed at a desk in office environments, are higher. There is a close relationship between prestige and earnings. “Good wages” come first among the qualities sought in a good job in Turkey as in the rest of the world. Therefore, it is expected that professions with high earnings will be at the top in the rankings. However, the fact that a qualified and long education is required to achieve the prestigious works which have good earning. Non-manual works have more prestige than manual works. Among the non-manual works, those that people encounter in daily life frequently have higher scores. Similarly, the prestige of occupations with job guarantee is generally higher. One of the essential factors that determine the occupational prestige is working style. If a job requires physical dirtiness, its place on the scale falls. So-called “clean works” have higher prestige scores. This is also closely related to the separation of manual and non-manual labor in the post-industrial society.&nbsp;As a result, an ideal profession in society is expected to have a good wage, non-manual work and regular working hours and a comfortable working environment.

Türkiye’de Mesleki İtibar: Dönüşen Çalışma Hayatı ve Mesleklerin Sosyal Konumu

Caner

Assist. Prof.

This study is aimed to measure social stratification in Turkey using occupation-based measures, to identify factors affecting social stratification and to investigate the change in social mobility through secondary data analysis. Despite more than a century of history of quantitative studies on social stratification and mobility in international literature, the number of studies using representative data is very limited in Turkey. First of all, the research on social stratification in Turkey have been limited to conceptual discussions on social classes. Another reason for the shortage of quantitative studies on social stratification and mobility in Turkey is the lack of available representative data that include detailed information about occupations and educational backgrounds of respondents and their parents. Despite their limitations, some datasets that have become available in recent years provide opportunities in this sense. In this paper, three different datasets that have been collected in the last decade have been analysed. These are the data from International Social Survey Programme dated 2009, TURKSTAT Household Labor Force Research dated 2010 and Adult Education Research dated 2012. For all three datasets, occupational status scores and social stratification positions are calculated for Turkish respondents using EGP, ISEI and CAMSIS indexes which depend on distinct conceptualizations. Ordinary least squares regression models and multinomial logistic regression models show that parental occupational status, respondents’ education level and parental education level all have significant effects on respondents’ occupational status. This result is in line with the international literature for almost all countries. The effect of education level of both the parents and respondents themselves have been found to be highly effective since Blau and Duncan. However, some studies have shown that the effects of parental occupational status and parental education on respondents’ occupational status decline as a result of educational expansion, especially at the tertiary level, while some others have shown persistent effects on occupational status in other contexts. On the other hand, some scholars argued for equalizing effects of education only for bachelor’s degrees. Considering the fact that, educational expansion in Turkey is relatively a new phenomenon even for the primary level, it can be expected that the strong effects of parental and individual education level on occupational status may persist for a while. Nevertheless, using multilevel modelling the change in the levels of social mobility in Turkey is also investigated in this paper. Respondents are nested within birth cohorts in a multilevel model using Adult Education Research data. In this model, ISEI scores of respondents are defined as a dependent variable and the intercept and the slope for the effect of parental occupational status are set to be random. Thus, the change in the effect of parental&nbsp;occupational status on the respondents’ occupational status across cohorts could be identified. Similar effects on occupational status are found for parental occupational status, respondents’ education level and parental education. Furthermore, a negative correlation is calculated for the relationship between parental and individual occupational status scores, which means the effect of parental occupational status on individual occupational status is higher for cohorts that have lower parental occupational status on average. Since the mean score for parental occupational status is higher for younger cohorts, it can be concluded that there are more upward social mobility opportunities for younger cohorts. This result can be explained in reference to recent educational expansion in Turkey especially at the tertiary level and the shift from non-skilled jobs, especially in agriculture, to skilled jobs, routine non-manual jobs and to professional occupations as shown in recent studies on Turkey. However, considering the limitations of the data used in this paper, ad hoc research designed to measure the level of social mobility in Turkey is needed for further and more clear inferences.

Türkiye’de Toplumsal Tabakalaşma ve Hareketliliğin Meslekler Üzerinden Ölçümü

Ayça

This article aims to discuss some findings about social mobility of my doctoral thesis on white-collar organizations in Turkey -as I call them- such as Plaza Eylem Platformu (Plaza Action Platform), Kaç Bize Gel (Run Away and Come to Us) and Beyaz Yakalı İşçiler (White Collar Workers). The title of my thesis is “Emergence of white-collar subject in Turkish society: lived experiences, reasons to act, world views” (originally entitled “Émergence du sujet cols blancs dans la société turque: expériences vécues, raisons d’agir, visions du monde”).My research focuses, firstly, on how a small group of paid, unpaid workers (self-employed and freelance workers) and unemployed people come together through different platforms as social networks and construct themselves as white-collar. Secondly, I analyze their self-subjectification processes. In this article, I will present the fundamental findings of my research about work experiences and then discuss them by comparing with some secondary findings about social mobility.&nbsp;I conducted in-depth interviews with 30 (17 women and 13 men) people in addition to applying other techniques such as observation of the activities and content analyses of blogs and social media accounts (Facebook and Twitter) that the three platforms I mentioned above manage.&nbsp;In this context, the first aim of the article is to discuss how the discourse of subjectivity created by managerial company culture (Spurk, 1997) coincides with the expectations of upward social mobility of these paid/unpaid workers and unemployed people and their parents. To analyze the relation between the discourse of subjectivity and the expectations, I will focus on working experiences. My purpose is to find out whether the upward social mobility is fulfilled.&nbsp;My research firstly reveals that the work is not experienced as subjectivation and autonomy as promised by managerial discourse, but on the contrary it is experienced as desubjectification. Secondly, it emphasizes how the working experiences overturn the expectations of upward social mobility and also how the findings about objective social mobility are not compatible with subjective experiences. In contrast to the objective indicators, it emphasizes how a working experience as desubjectification is experienced as a downward social mobility and even loss of social class.Working experience as desubjectification is characterized by two opposing processes. On the one hand, work is experienced as objectification, i.e., alienation, as a result of company organizations based on fordist production model. On the other hand, it is experienced as instrumentalisation of worker’s subjectivity as a result of managerial strategies (based on post-fordist production model) which mobilize employees’ subjectivity in accordance with the company interests.&nbsp;When analyzed according to objective criteria, it was revealed that some individuals experienced upward social mobility or they reproduced their father’s class positions and a very small number of people experienced downward social mobility. However, most of the experiences of individuals do not comply with this scheme. It has been experienced by many interviewees as downward social mobility and even class loss.&nbsp;This research shows that subjective social mobility, which is based on individual’s lived experiences, goals, imaginations, motivations and on how they interpret the world around them is highly important to consider in social mobility researches, especially to understand the reasons behind the acts of individuals. It is important because these reasons play a role to form the social structure of the Turkish society and help us to understand clearly the social reality.&nbsp;In this research, I examined work experiences of this specific group and analyzed social mobility by comparing their expectations about working life and their lived experiences at work. To reveal some criteria of subjective social mobility, these finding can be compared by a new wider study which focuses directly on social mobility experiences of this paid, unpaid workers and unemployed people.

Yaşanmış Deneyimler ve Öznellikler Çerçevesinde Tabakalaşmayı Okumak

Prof.

Finance capitalism, a more rapid and complex transformation than any other transformation or mode of production in human history, has created a state of continuous complexity within the information society it has formed. This complexity manifests itself in various ways and different dimensions of life on both an individual and a social scale. The information society not only functionalizes technology as an instrument, but also envisions it as a determinant field of existence and an intellectual framework. While every domain of life is influenced by this transformation, professions are also not immune from it for they are constantly redefined through the social values in which they exist. Our article aims to examine how the nature and social meanings of professions have transformed in this technology-dominated culture by analyzing the examples of medicine and aviation. We chose these two fields as our research subject due to two main criteria: (1) professionals in these fields have to adapt themselves constantly to technological innovations; (2) they are professions that deal with vital issues. In addition to this, pilotage and medicine are professions that can also be conceptualized as ideal-types in the Weberian sense, which will help us to understand the position of occupations in the face of technology. For this purpose, we conducted a field study between 2015 and 2017 with 25 physicians and 27 pilots using semi-structured interview technique.&nbsp;According to the findings of our research, it is possible to illustrate a paradox of mastery: the acquisition of a mixture of education, practice, and experience, which we call mastery, gradually becomes difficult with the penetration of the technology into the profession. This penetration increases the claim on perfecting the performance, which was once entrusted to human imperfection. Thus, the field of the master is narrowed in the face of the high-tech operation of the machine. This orientation is welcomed within the legitimizing discourse of technology to eliminate any accident or error but it results in reducing the knowledge and skills of the actors responsible for the performance of the profession. In this case, the mastery knowledge necessary for the intervention of technology cannot be developed sufficiently since the required practical area is limited.In addition, our research revealed that the nature of the relationship between professionals and professional knowledge is also transforming. On the one hand, knowledge is no longer composed of interdependent units that are acquired by learning the whole systematic, holistic collection with defined boundaries, but rather it becomes a component of action, which is filtered from a huge pool of information with only functional purposes for a specific action. Thus, knowledge becomes a practical skill input, and no longer an intellectual phenomenon at least in the professional sense. On the other hand, a working regime, in which the information processing becomes the main goal, results in the rapid transformation of the notion of expertise into the ability for management of technology.&nbsp;&nbsp;The nature of the meaning attributed to the profession also significantly transforms in the Information Age because of the decline in the value of labor and the consequences of the competitive neoliberal economic policies. The changing occupational preferences from puritan values to hedonistic values and calculated preferences signifies, on the one hand, an orientation to affordable choices instead of passion for occupation. On the other hand, it indicates that professional knowledge has become an exchange value. The fact that the training and the performance of the profession are substantially transformed into a technical-operational process reduces the level of spiritual satisfaction in the work.&nbsp;Technology functions as a deus ex machina for professionals. The non-integrated professional knowledge acquired in the high-tech environment is experienced as a technical procedure rather than an intellectual activity. Therefore, the definition of the professional skill also transforms with the influences of the technology-dominated approach and is replaced by a tendency to technician thinking. This redefinition of skill as a technological process poses another paradox: professional skill is being transformed to (1) management of technology and (2) final touch rather than a result of the personal effort of the physician or the pilot in the relatively analog systems in which the human contact is predominant. However, aside from the technical and operational dimension of the work, it is still necessary for pilots and physicians to have a profound knowledge of mastery to realize this human control and this is only possible for these professionals by staying effective in the professional practice field dramatically occupied by technology. Based on all these findings, we can claim that professions are undergoing an ontological or even an epistemological transformation. However, claiming that the automatic and algorithmic processing skill brought about by technology completely replaces mastery may result in overlooking the unpredictable orientations of the professional as a human and the dialectical relation between human beings and technology.

Ustalık ve Teknoloji Eklemlenmesi: Beceri, Deneyim, Kesinlik

Yunus

Bünyamin

High stakes testing has been adopted by many countries around the world, and Turkey is one of the countries practicing to meet the increasing demand for higher education since 1974, and as a tool for transition to secondary education since 1990 (Gür, Çelik, Coşkun, 2013). High stakes testing, used for classification, ranking and accountability, also coincides with neoliberal individualism (Au, 2016, Hursh, 2005; Hursh, 2007, Wright, 2002). Reductionist and individualist understanding criticize high stakes testing for deepening race and social class inequalities in education (Au, 2009; Darling-Hammond, 2007). Furthermore, it is crystal clear that achievement on high stakes testing only reflects the academic status of the students, while education also aims at sociological, cultural, individual and psychological development. On the other hand, high stakes testing influences and directs the teaching practices of the teachers in a negative way (Abrams, Pedulla, &amp; Madaus, 2003; Ford, 2018; Minarechová, 2012; Kilickaya, 2016). However, it is not assumed that high stakes testing guarantees deep learning, balance of knowledge, skills and attainment, student centered teaching, and teacher autonomy (Au, 2010; Belbin, 2016; Gunzenhauser, 2003; Nelson, 2013; Schneider, Egan &amp; Julian, 2013). Foucault (1992) argues that the individual is kept under control by being disciplined through examinations, and that the examination is not merely a sanction of the learning process; he adds that this is one of the continuous factors of this process and encompasses learning according to a continuous power game. The aim of this study is to analyze standard exams and standard programs in terms of the teacher’s professional identity and practices based on the teachers’ own experiences.&nbsp;The qualitative research design and phenomenological inquiry were managed in the study to obtain data. Purposive sampling techniques, are aligned with the qualitative paradigm employed in the study. Within this respect, on a voluntary basis, 12 secondary school teachers serving at various public elementary schools in the Marmara region and experienced in preparing students for the high stakes testing were invited in the study. In-depth interviews and focus group interviews are the main data collection instruments operated in the study. The content analysis method was applied to analyze the obtained data.&nbsp;Results of the study revealed two themes: “Teachers Turning into Technicians” and “Exam Oriented Teaching”. Parental pressure, administrative pressure, time pressure, pressure for achievement, loss of teacher autonomy, and motivation, cooperation between management and teachers are the sub-themes examined under the main theme of “Teachers Turning into Technicians”. Additionally, the main theme of “Exam Oriented Teaching” involves sub-themes such as exam-based teaching activities, a major obstacle to practical teaching and higher-order thinking. In this case, it can be easily expressed that high stakes testing exposes teachers to pressure from school management, principals, parents, communities and other teachers (Ford, 2018). In addition to that, teachers feel pressure to achieve the minimum expected level of achievement. This forces teachers to compete with their colleagues beyond collaboration.Finally, time pressure brings along a faceted and memorized path in teaching, giving priority to theory rather than practice, and eliminating the possibility of teaching in accordance with the existing educational philosophy, such as prioritizing individual differences and individualized teaching. As a matter of fact, Lundström and Holm (2011) proved in their study that high stakes testing corrupts traditional teachers’ values, and causes teachers to lose control over their professions because of an increasing competition among teachers. Jennings and Bearak (2014) empirically demonstrated that the use of standardized exams in the context of accountability has led teachers to plan and implement teaching activities depending on test achievement, and that student performance is assessed based on test results. Kılıçkaya (2016) states that standardized exams lead to the disregard of teaching of skills, such as listening, speaking and writing skills, which are very important in foreign language teaching.

Standart Sınavlar ve Dönüşen Öğretmen Kimliği

Uğur

En İyiyi Ümit Edip En Kötüye Hazırlıklı Olmak: Türkiye’de Müzisyenlik Mesleği Üzerine Sosyolojik Bir Araştırma

Ayşe

The social origin, academic background, social and cultural capital of an academician in an academic game directly affect his/her adaptation strategies, which are necessary within academia. That is to say, the differences in the practice of developing strategies to help better play the game and minimize the obstacles it faces are due to distinctions of cultural capital.The impact of cultural capital on the actor also affects the process of an actor’s inclusion in the game. In this study, the effects of the cultural capital levels (root cultural capital) that academicians have before they are included in the academy game will be analyzed. Cultural capital inherited from the family gains importance in determining professional preferences. In this study, in light of the data obtained from indepth interviews conducted with thirty-five academicians from different academic generations and root cultural capital levels, we tried to reveal why, and under what conditions, they prefer academics as a profession. Academic generations was classified as first academical generation who attend to academia before 1980; the second academical generation were those who attended to academia between 1980- 2002 and the third academical generation those who attended to academia after 2002.&nbsp;&nbsp;Cultural capital level is the decisive factor of educational achievement. Cultural capital is implicitiy inherited by children from families, or their families’ special efforts to level up their children’s cultural capital. This transfer has a passive or active appearance. An academician having passed through all levels of education, and being named “gownsman of gownsmen”, has a high level of cultural capital.&nbsp;Including the academy game in Turkey has needed different types of cultural capital in various periods. For instance, in early Republican times, academic vacancies were filled with the relatives of the same families, educated in foreign countries, and of the ruling class. This elite class with high level of cultural capital has been the main actors of the academy game for a long time. The descendants, with a high cultural capital, of the elite ancestors went to study abroad with the effect of their habitus. After returning to home, they found their place in bureaucracy or university.It is considered that there has been an important change in social and cultural capital types of Turkish academicians when the societal position of academicians has been redetermined in the historical process of Turkey. In this sense, it can be said that academicianship is a choice which is endowed by the cultural capital of the actors. Therefore, being an academician has required either to become a member of the elite class (social ceiling) or to adapt to the habitus of this elite class in Turkey for a long time.&nbsp;As a result of the research, it is seen that the root cultural capital level determines the choices of the academic actor at two levels. At this point, the motivation behind the choices of the academic actor towards the profession is categorized as “earning his/her keep” and “enjoy life”. The action with the motivation of earning his/her keep is more classical and has a lower risk. On the other hand, it is thought that&nbsp;the main determinant of the preferences that can be categorized as enjoy life is engaged with curiosity, love and interest. And the result of the choices may carry various risks. The general acceptance that the academy is a profession with high cultural capital and qualifications of the elite people shows a partial change with the massification of education. Academicians are among the professions where the master-apprentice relationship is most prominent. In the tradition of choosing the master’s apprentice, the apprentice’s habitus and social capital affect the access of the apprentice to the master.Even though the choices of actors within a particular habitus evoke the idea of how subjective they are, they are not independent of the habitus in which they are located, and the cultural capital they possess.

Meslek Olarak Akademisyenlik Tercihinde Kültürel Sermayenin Yeri

Hatice

Nihat

These days, the tendency to shape one’s career in line with one’s own desires is increasing as people direct their own careers and oversee their own values. From this perspective, individuals need to have a multi-faceted career attitude and be effective at managing their own careers. Individuals who tend toward multi-faceted careers encounter positive psychological outcomes such as job and life satisfaction, personal development, and well-being. These multi-faceted careers are composed of the various experiences an individual has, such as education, vocational training, working in various organizations, and changes in professional field. Individuals simultaneously construct their career identity in the process of their career. Career construction theory takes into account which qualities individuals possess, how they adapt to the transitions and changes caused by personal and environmental conditions throughout their life, and why they behave and advance in accordance with a specific path.Career identity construction is definable by combining the questions “What is the meaning of work for me and my life?” and “What do I want to explain to others through my work?” that people ask themselves. Having knowledge about one’s self or about the working world and working life is not enough. One needs to actively and creatively make sense of this information. One of the ways an individual gets information about him/herself is by using the narrative approach. The narrative approach provides stories about the profession, ideas for transition points and the expected future, and information about identity development. This approach is a useful way of understanding turning points in one’s career and how identities change over time.After conducting a comprehensive literature review, no study was seen to exist on the construction process of female academicians’ career identity. In this context, the current study contributes to the literature by addressing the construction processes of the career identity of female academicians and the factors affecting these processes. The main question this study seeks to answer is “How do female academicians construct their career identities?” The sub-questions of the research are:1. How do female academicians’ career processes develop? 2. What affects female academicians’ career processes? 3. What meaning does ‘profession’ entail for female academicians? 4. What do female academicians want to explain to others through their profession?&nbsp;Methodology The research was conducted using the qualitative research method, with the phenomenological pattern being preferred in the study. The 19 female academicians who form the study group are composed of individuals who have a wealth of knowledge and experience related to the phenomenon being researched. Of the participants, eight are doctoral faculty members, eight are associate professors, and three are professors. The study group of the research contains female academicians working at five state universities and 14 foundation universities in Istanbul province in the fields of liberal arts, administrative sciences, health sciences, and engineering sciences. The study uses the semi-structured interview method as the data collection technique. Content analysis was used for analyzing the data. As suggested by Moustakas (1994), all expressions in the data analysis are coded items as “fixed expressions” and “semantic units”. A total of 142 fixed expressions were detected, and these were translated into semantic units. Next, the expressions listed as the main components of experience were separated into themes by clustering them according to semantic proximity. Ten themes that shape the career construction process emerged as a result of this function.Findings and Discussion This research addresses the career construction process of female academicians. In the study, the following themes are seen to be impactful in the process of female academicians’ career identity construction: the impact of family and social environment, career choice, career stages and roles, turning points in the career, definition of the basic role, career success, support in the career process, career problems experienced because of being a woman, and future plans. The study draws attention to the facts that female academicians have a career construction process, and that the narrative technique can be used in understanding this process. Female academicians are seen to basically define themselves using the identities of faculty member, mother, and researcher together, although this varies at different stages of the career. Several facts are worthy of note, namely, that defining the identity achieved through these three roles causes problems in balancing the roles, that female academicians attempt to find solutions such as making self-sacrifices in these problematic stages and delaying certain roles, and that the support they receive from those around them makes this process a little easier. The doctoral period and changes in marital status are important transformations that impact career processes. Female academicians’ career construction process can be defined as the formation of the identity of “the mother faculty member who wants to perform research.”Meeting with the academicians in the research process and making appointments convenient to their work hours was difficult in the current study. This situation caused some limitations in the research. Future research could involve more detailed studies by separately handling the themes that emerged from this research. Another subject for study could be comparatively studying career identity construction processes with female academicians from different regions and cultures at national and international levels.

Kadın Akademisyenlerin Kariyer Kimliği İnşası: Araştırma Yapmak İsteyen Anne Öğretim Üyesi

Türkan

Şirin

With the emergence of steam machines after the industrial development, a significant change in production patterns was observed. Effects of the industrial revolution changed not only the mode of production, but also the occupational authority, division of labor, working conditions and professional ethics, etc. These changes are also parallel with the factorization process. With the effect of factorization, mass production began to spread all over the world, which affected many professions and caused some changes. In this context, the changes have taken place mostly in traditional professions based on handicrafts. Some of the traditional professions based on arm strength were subjected to change, while others were doomed to extinction.&nbsp;In this article, industrial developments in the shoe-making profession from the past to the present in the Yeşilyuva neighbourhood (formerly a village in Acipayam district) of the Denizli province, changes in occupational division of labor, production place and technique, transfer of the profession from father to son, etc. were discussed. According to the literature review conducted in the study, the fact that this is the first sociological study on this subject reveals the importance of our research.&nbsp;In this study, which uses semi-structured interview techniques from qualitative interview techniques, interviews with 14 interviewers, including 7 fathers and 7 sons, were completed in order to better determine the changes in the transfer of the profession from father to son. With the data obtained from the interviews, it was aimed to determine the occupational change and the breakdowns in the transfer of the profession from father to son.&nbsp;The history of the shoe-making profession in Yeşilyuva dates back to ancient times. The history of the shoe-making profession, which is still in place in Yeşilyuva, and which has been a settlement since ancient times, dates back to the time before this region was dominated by the Turks. The suitability of environmental conditions and the fact that the tribes settled in the region are engaged in livestock, make Yeşilyuva very suitable for the development of leather work. The aim of this research is to determine how this profession, which dates back to ancient times, has been subjected to a change after the industrial development and the breakdowns in the transfer of the profession from father to son.&nbsp;As a result of interviews, it was concluded that the industrial development and mass production affected the shoe-making profession in Yeşilyuva. The profession of shoe-making, a craft based on handicrafts and arm strength, was influenced by mass production in cities, and suffered significant changes as a result of these effects. The production with arm strength started to be mechanized in the 1990s. Today, new machines continue to arrive at the shoe mills in Yeşilyuva. With mechanization, changes have begun to take place in the spatial sense. Production, which used to be made in small shops under houses, is now continuing in the Yeşilyuva Shoe-makers Industrial Site, which started to be built in the 1980s. The changes that come with mechanization are not limited to spatial change. There have also been changes in the professional division of labor. Production with 2-3 people in small shops in the past, continues today with more people in larger factories. Production is now divided into different stages, and continued by different people. This change has also led to changes in professional authority. While capital owners took part in every stage of production in the past, they became more interested in the economic parts of the work than the manufacturing phase, and left the production to craftsmen working in factories. At this point, it is seen that the master-apprentice relationship, based on vocational teaching, has turned into a boss-worker relationship with economic concerns.Apart from the changes mentioned, there are breaks in the profession that is passed from father to son as a professional inheritance. Sons who came to the shop with their father at a young age and started to learn the profession, and took over the profession in the future, have started to work in different sectors today. The main reason for this is that the profession no longer provides an economic income as it used to, and with the arrival of machines, the profession has started to require an economic capital. Thus, there are disruptions in the transfer of the shoe making-profession, which is seen as a cultural capital and a family heritage. These troubles have led to a weakening of the profession.&nbsp;Individuals who are unable to continue their shoe-making profession migrate to the city and turn to different sectors. The profession has been negatively affected by this migration. These negative effects are explained as the difficulty of finding people to work in the sector and the lack of growing individuals to continue the profession anymore. These problems show that the profession of shoe-making in Yeşilyuva is becoming increasingly weak.

Babadan Oğula Aktarılan Bir Miras Olarak Ayakkabıcılık Mesleğinde Yaşanan Değişimler: Denizli-Yeşilyuva Örneği

Muhammet

Reşat

Gypsies, who have historically continued to experience the biggest levels of prejudice, still face inequalities such as poverty, unemployment, discrimination, exclusion and absence of formal education in Turkey - as in many countries. The fact that Gypsies are primarily engaged in risky, dangerous, precarious and low-paid jobs, are laging in education, are left publicly accused, have shamed jobs in the fields of employment, and experience spatial stigmatization gives rise to the thought that they continue to have limited relationships with other areas of life in today’s societies. In this study, the transformation of occupations performed by Gypsies and the problems caused by this transformation are discussed. Gypsies, who started to live in cities with the disappearance of rural occupations in the past, are most likely engaged in informal employment, known as low status jobs. In this respect, the relationship between ethnic identity and insufficient access to job/employment opportunities and their concentration in precarious jobs is also examined.The study is based on in-depth interviews conducted between November-December 2018 and January 2019 with 20 young-adult interviewers in order to probe how changing working conditions affect Gypsies in such processes as the economy, culture, identity, social status and way of life in 4 neighbourhoods in Elazig city centre where Gypsies are densely populated. Gypsies’ being unable to keep up with the new developments with their changing/transforming working life led to a push towards challenging processes culturally and economically. A host of occupations Gypsies have pursued (metalworking, sieve maker, etc.) have declined in number, causing them to work in marginal, temporary and informal sectors which non-Gypsies do not like or do not want to do. Furthermore, the disappearance of their profession, which affirms their social status and identity, makes the pejorative connotation of the word Gypsy more visible, causing marginal jobs such as begging, porters to be identified with Gypsies and such jobs to become more of a necessity than a preference for Gypsies.&nbsp;It is expected that the results of the study will contribute to the works of public and non-profit organizations in the fields of social policy for employment problems of Gypsies with the changes in&nbsp;working life. In addition, considering the lack of publications of sociological approaches on issues related to the working life of Gypsies in Turkey, it is also thought that this study will make an important contribution to the literature related to other ethnic groups along with Gypsies.&nbsp;The study specifically seeks answers to the following questions: What kind of problems did the change/transformation of Gypsies’ mostly rural occupations with technological developments lead to? What kind of problems did the loss of the profession of the sieve maker job, which mainly provided for the livelihood of Gypsies living in Elazığ in the past, bring about today? What are the problems Gypsies have in achieving regular and secure employment opportunities? What problems do unemployment and/or informal/marginal jobs cause in Gypsies, and how effective is ethnic identity in Gypsies’ informal lifestyles?The disappearance of their jobs due to the influence of new production systems negatively affected Gypsies, not only economically but also culturally. These difficulties experienced by Gypsies, who are precarious and forced into job opportunities based on saving the day, cannot be considered separate from the technological transformations in the last three decades. Today, where regular and secure employment is gradually decreasing, the employment areas of Gypsies are replaced by precarious, irregular, risky/dangerous and manual labour jobs. Shepherding, metalworking, selling of wares, sieve maker, etc. The former occupations of Gypsies living in Elazığ like sieve maker, sheet metal worker are linked to their nomadic lives, while the marginal jobs they are engaged in today are occupations brought with a settled life. This also indicates that Gypsies are forced to change their profession fundamentally in parallel with the changing settlement structures. Therefore, the professional transformation that has emerged with the decline of Gypsy-style occupations has also negatively affected the socio-economic/cultural characteristics such as settlement forms, lifestyles, living strategies. The exclusion of Gypsies working in precarious jobs such as shoemaking, shepherding, porters, and their low prestigious jobs shares the perception of Gypsy identity in society.&nbsp;&nbsp;Prejudices against their ethnic identities are an important factor in explaining the disadvantaged position of Gypsies in economic activities. These prejudices not only affect their employment in formal business areas, but also cause them to encounter a number of problems in activities in mid-level informal business areas (e.g. trades). It is widely accepted that ethnic groups or ethnic minorities have significant barriers to accessing the labour market (see Standing, 2014, s. 150; Fraser, 2005; Hancock, 2002). Working on the reasons for the widespread tendency of ethnic groups towards marginal jobs, Wilson found that these groups work extensively in informal labor markets due to their different personal qualities, structural characteristics not similar to existing labor market habits, and the discrimination they face while employed (2003, s. 429).&nbsp;The results of this study carried out in Elazığ province are not intended to generalize all Gypsies. However, it can be said that the work can be generalised towards Gypsies with similar characteristics, especially the Dom group Gypsies. The Gypsies interviewed stated that their relatives in Malatya, Diyarbakir, Mardin and Adiyaman had also practiced the profession of sieve maker in the past and that they were subjected to similar problems as a result of the disappearance of this profession today.

Elazığ’da Yaşayan Çingenelerin Değişen/ Dönüşen Meslekleri Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma

Onur

Daily lives are shaped by the professions to a great extent in the modern World, where economic logic is dominant. Therefore, there is an essential need to explain how professions determine daily life practices through what kind of mechanisms and their influence on people. With this aim, the profession’s impact in the formation of life was explained and discussed in terms of the professions of banking and truck driving in this research. Two opposing professions were chosen to be able to make a clearer analysis and analyzed in the light of the theory of the pragmatic sociology of critics developed by Laurent Thêvenot and Luc Boltanski (2006) who identify six value worlds that are revealed in situations of cultural dispute and compromise. These include the civic, domestic, market, fame, industrial, and inspired spheres of meaning. The civic value world articulates beliefs in the representativeness, civil service and legality. The domestic value world is driven from the core principles of the tradition, family, friendship, and loyalty. The market value world is based on the competition and the significance of money, profit, interest, and wealth. The value world of fame is formed around the opinion, status, and social recognition. The industrial value world has to do with the principles of efficiency and performance. The inspired value world is built on the principles of creativity, innovation, and aesthetics. “Social actors in the complex societies may draw on several of these worlds… when acting as citizens (civic world), consumers (market world), family members (domestic world), or social media users (fame world)” (Giulianotti and Langseth, 2016). For Boltanski and Thévenot, “this ability to live within worlds, and to travel between worlds, is of central importance to the actors involved in all kinds of disputes about justice” (Jacquemain, 2008, p. 43). From this theoretical perspective, the value worlds of bankers and truck drivers were examined to illustrate the slippery ground on which people from different professions can walk among different value worlds.&nbsp;The research consists of four main parts. In the first part, the development of professions was reviewed through the historical process of work and its transformation into the profession as we know today. This was basically shaped by the association of three separate power lines. The first was the desire of the private entrepreneur to gain maximum benefit from the newly emerging and rapidly growing industrial worker. The second was the demand of the newly emerging worker to be employed in better conditions and for better wages. The third was the desire of the nation-states to control and regulate the relations of production. The business life shaped by these three leading lines began determining the daily life of the individual. Life (economy, status, class) was now mostly related to the professions.In the second part, basic aspects of the bankers and their value worlds were explained. Bankers who are middle class members produce the immaterial or intelligence labor. However, they are different from some of the intelligence labor producers such as engineers and architects. Unlike them, bankers do not produce anything that has concrete functioning such as software, program, project, production tool. They are in charge of the regulation of money. Relationship networks are their capital; thus, their CVs&nbsp;&nbsp;often include the companies in which they were employed, courses attended, existing memberships, plaques won or goals achieved. Bankers work with people of a similar labor type who are ambitious in the competition in business life, who hide or leak information to go ahead of others and engage in lobbying activities. Bankers have to establish relations with these people in order to fulfill the necessities of the profession. These working conditions determine their worlds of value.In the third chapter, the profession of truck driver, the structure of the value worlds of truck drivers and the reasons behind it were explained. Truck drivers should have a driving license, SRC and psychotechnical certificate to officially work. There are certain forms of truck driving as being a A-) driver in their own truck, B-) driver in another person’s truck, C-) driver in a company truck. These distinctions define responsibilities, job descriptions, and employee-employer relations. If you are a driver in your own vehicle, you are free to choose freight, location, price, and timing. The drivers of someone else’s vehicle are usually already familiar with the owner. The important decisions about the vehicle are generally taken by the driver who assumes the confidence of the owner in this situation. On the other hand, the decisions on the company trucks are made by exclusively the company authorities. There is generally no standard in the wages of truck drivers. They tend to cook their own meals to reduce their costs. The time and place of their work are uncertain. All these forms of work determine their worlds of value.Upon the comparison of two unlike professions and the value worlds they promote, it was revealed that people pursuing different professions also have different worlds of value. In order to illustrate how this happens in daily life, finally the complex relationship between the daily life, professions and values is clarified in the last part of the research.

Mesleğin Hayatı Belirleme Pratikleri: Bankacı ve Tır Şoförü Örneği

Adem

Zeynep

In this study, the concept of “organizing of dead body” has been used in order to explain the change and transformation of the relationship between death and society. Funeral rites are not merely an area of economic consumption; they contain a sociological context in which religion, culture and identities can also be seen, and the traces of social transformation in the transition from traditional to modern can be traced. That is why the concept of “organizing of dead body” has been chosen. The focus of the study has been on the Gassal, who could be considered to interpret the relationship between death and religion through emotional labor. Qualitative research design has been preferred in the study, and the design has been composed of observation and interview techniques. In this study, we aimed to present the first data obtained from interviews started with the Gassals in the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. Istanbul has been preferred because of the greater number of Gassals, which has been associated with Istanbul’s being a significant reflection of the average of Turkey in death rates. The aim of establishing the funeral not only as an area of economic consumption but also as an area where religion, culture and identities could be seen has been pursued based on the Gassal. The Gassal represents the relaunch of religion’s strength in organizing dead bodies in the death industry, where death consumption is seen as a professional work. As one of the main criteria is the religion that shapes the services offered by local governments within the scope of funeral services in Turkey, the Gassal has been considered as having adequate justification for the study.Throughout the study, “organizing of dead body” has become a frequently used conceptual unitary. “Organizing of dead body” has been preferred by the researchers with the concern of creating a general profile of death-related professions. The concept has been mainly designed to differentiate the professions of death in “the East” from what “the West” calls the “death industry” defined in terms of money. It has been used not only for bearing traces from the working life of modernity, but also showing the areas in which traditionalism is maintained. Thus, the “organizing of dead body” also reflects the mentality extensions that can be established in a wide area that expresses the double bind. It both contains the professions that focus directly on death (Gassal, grave digger, coffinist…) and forms of work (marbles, timber, builders, etc.) added to the actual profession. This study consists of a pilot study of the field study carried out in the sample of the Gassals working in the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. The study consists of in-depth interviews and focus group interviews within the framework of a grounded theory approach. In the research process, the concepts of “work”, “occupation”, “expertise” and “labor” have been used to combine different contents in a common ground.As a result, the process of Gassal’s experiencing the profession improves the development of individual identity along with religious, cultural and social codes. The Gassal conceives the death as “Arrival to God” through religious codes, and brings the sacred aspect of his profession into the forefront.The sanctity attributed to death also becomes integrated into the profession. Therefore, the Gassal comprehends the meaning of his work as “Gaining God’s approval”. The Gassal perceives death in the reality that “Everyone will die one day” in ordinary life with cultural knowledge. This aspect of death transforms into a cultural ceremony in the process of organizing the dead body. The Gassal exists in this process with religious regulations and plays an active role in not performing all kinds of practices that are not compatible with religion, and becomes the guardian of the dead body. Here, the Gassal makes suggestions to the relatives of the dead using religious references. At this point, the organizing of the dead body turns into a ceremony. From the washing of the dead to the shroud, every good memory of the dead is remembered. As a result, Gassal as a profession is a powerful phenomenon in the post-mortem process and is directly related to death. It develops strategies and establishes bilateral relations for the field in which it is the subject.

Ölü Beden Yönetiminde Dini Mesleki Bir Form: Gassal

Mehmet

Economic and social transformations, especially after the 1980s, reshaped the whole economic realm. This development constituted a big challenge, especially for small business. Macro-scale developments such as increasing taxes, changing laws and legislations, a growing impact of chain stores and authorized sellers, and changing cooperation and conflict relations with local economic actors are some of the problems that small shopkeepers face. Another issue for small businesses is related to the dramatic change of their clients’ tastes, expectations and consumption patterns.Although there is a widespread belief that the life chances of small business has decreased gradually in the neoliberal era, some cyclical fashion-like trends can be identified such as eco-friendly hand-made products, slow food, haute couture etc. which have increased the survival capacities of small shopkeepers. This period h as also been an age of opportunities for them because of diminishing state control. So, small businesses have been able to find a chance to create new ways to survive in this new setting.Actually, this issue has been dealt with from different theoretical perspectives from various disciplines. For example, the discipline of organization management deals with the same topic under the title of “small business survival”. Human geography sees it as an example of “social resilience”. Another example comes from political science or analysis of social movements; i.e. Bayat’s “quiet encroachment of the ordinary”. Even if our emphasis on ordinary people’s agency would call to mind Bayat’s concept, this article restricts itself to the relations of ordinary people with social and economic actors, rather than to political and legal ones. This paper aims to handle the mentioned issue from a more sociological point of view.This research article concentrates on the survival efforts of small shopkeepers in terms of a structure-agency dichotomy, and looks for instances of agency performed by small shopkeepers as “craftsmen” in Sennettian terms. Their efforts to survive and examples of creativity are seen from the perspective developed by de Certeau. In this theoretical framework drawn mainly by the strategy-tactic distinction, he defines “tactics” as practical solutions created by ordinary individual actors, as opposed to “strategies”, meaning institutional macro regulationsIn order to explore this phenomenon, a neighborhood in the inner city of Istanbul with a rich variety of small businesses was chosen. In-depth interviews and participant observations were conducted with tailors, quilt makers, pastry makers, butchers, mechanics, shoe repairers, restaurant staff, grocery keepers, real estate agents, confectioners, and glassmen who have been working for more than 15 years in this neighborhood.Through the analysis of interviews and observations, this paper identifies three dimensions of the craft of small shopkeepers. For example the pastry maker has a chance to survive with the help of the quality of the product, i.e. his hand made pastries made from special ecologically produced raw materials. The second dimension is the level of confidence and frankness in his relations and daily life&nbsp;conversations both with his customers and suppliers. And the third important dimension is related to his bureaucratic capacity to follow new legal arrangements and regulations, and to fulfill economic procedures such as tax payments on time.In the field, three types of tactics developed by small shopkeepers against changing socio-economic conditions were observed. The first one is widening or changing the range of products and services within the borders of their professions, which eases to adapt not only minor temporal transformations but also macro-economic, legal and technological changes, which affect the fundamental structure of the profession. It necessitates a kind of far-seeing ability to foresee and confront sectoral changes and transitions. The second tactic is developing customer-specific services, in other words special, boutique, personal, tailor made services addressing their clients. The third and last one is creating close relations and informal solidarity networks not only with neighboring small shopkeepers, but also with customers and suppliers.

Sosyo-Ekonomik Değişmeyle Başa Çıkmak: Küçük Esnafın Taktikleri

Burcu

Rukiye

This study is based on the assumption that there may be a relationship between the fields, levels of interest, addiction of each generation, their professional choices, and career goals. Although it is not possible to fully predict the achieved results, the subject of the professional transformations of the current period is the generation Y and Z and the source of motion is digital culture. Therefore, in the digital age, new methods like Exploratory Factor Analysis aimed at identifying elements in which generation Y and Z relate interest, commitment, and addiction, can provide us with scientific data on new career goals and new professions.The concept of digital culture inevitably transforms our modes of production, other systems, daily life routines, educational content, politics, entertainment, and most importantly, professions, as a reflection of the transformation that expresses the current age. As an important issue discussed, it is thought that the professions of children at primary and/or secondary level are not yet clear because they have not yet emerged. It is foreseen that professions such as doctors, lawyers and teachers who are respected in society will be transferred to artificial intelligence. The fact that the communication and the entertainment industry is a rising trend plays an important role in the transformation and preferences of the generations. While being a player in the traditional sense is a general indicator of status, it is possible to see its reflection in digital culture in e-sports activities. Having everyone with basic equipment such as computers as candidates for e-sport players as a career opportunity and having an annual income flow exceeding 1 billion dollars, in this sense, institutionalization and the fact that the mass is pointed out by both the active player and the audience shows that the studies in this field will increase.A radical transformation is documented in the determination of the social position of the individual and in occupations as a result of technological determinism. In addition to the replacement of human labor by machines, the perceptual relationship of the Y and Z generations with life and occupations weakens the adoption of work as a profession and identification with the profession. Even with these generations, which can perform more than one job at the same time, occupations that are temporary have high expectations for career-gain in the future. This transformation is beyond the transformations of the new capitalism, which has already radically transformed working life and professions. In the labor market, which is symbolized as flexible and fluid, it is now possible for workers to take part in the labor market with multiple or mobilized jobs. However, beyond the aforementioned developments that emerged under the influence of new capitalism in the professional transformations and occupational choices of our age, the most important factor that minimizes job satisfaction and/or professional excitement is the generational system that determines the limits of the perceptual relationship established by the individual with life and occupations. For this reason, it will not be healthy enough to read the transformation of the occupations of the current period, career goals of the generation that constitutes the dominant labor force of this period (which is the generation Y and Z), professional execution styles, interests, dominant values, target social positions, and dependencies.Based on this acceptance, “Exploratory Factor Analysis” has been used as a method of quantitative analysis. In Turkey, every day, three million people play the stated League of Legends and 1375 people as samples for “Career Factor Analysis” results provide us with these, and similar results that can be discussed in the context of the generic system to be transmitted throughout the article:As a result of the tests conducted for the analysis of career factor, the average age of the participants decreased, the average daily playing time increased, the level of education decreased, online games were seen as professional work; e-sports as a career goal, and online games were seen as a means of economic profit. Participants over the age of 30 differentiate into the point of seeing e-sport as a career goal and a means of economic profit. At the educational level, graduate students see e-sport as a career goal. In addition, those who have 7-9 years of experience and participate in international tournaments see more online games as professional work, e-sports as a career goal, and online games as a means of economic profit. Their time and participation in tournaments are indicative of their professional progress in this field. They play without interrupting their basic needs, which increases their play records. They see online games as professional work and e-sports as a career goal. For those who choose this career goal for themselves, the most meaningful name in this study is “generation of digital gamer” - internalizing the game at the level of part of evolution.

Çevrimiçi Dönüşümün Mesleki Tezahürü: E-Spor Faaliyetleriyle “Dijital Oyuncular Kuşağı”

CALL FOR PAPER

Adviye

Assist. Prof. Dr.

Berrin

Hakan

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Working and Living Conditions of Women Migrant Domestic Workers in Istanbul during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Atılhan

Fatma

The Effect of Psychological Contract Breach on Organizational Silence: The Moderating Effect of Psychological Capital

Mesut

Strategic Management in IT Companies in Türkiye: Examining Strategic Statements

Kemal

Şenol

The Working Class Culture in Bursa

Roza

The Shadow of Crime: Impact on Prison Experiences and Recidivism Tendency

Mustafa

Prof. Dr.

Exploring Migration Motivations from Developed to Developing Countries: A Study of American Emigrants to Developing Countries

Osman

Nabila

The Problem of Early-Age Marriage in Afghanistan

Tuğba

Mithat

Analyzing Symbolic Violence Phenomenon in Project Schools

Deepfake Dilemmas: Imagine Tomorrow’s Surveillance Society through Three Scenarios

Abdullah

Measuring Beliefs in Conspiracy Theories: Developing the Turkish Conspiracy Mentality Scale (TCMS)

Gamze

Fuat

Strategies of Refugee Children in Response to Ethnic Categorization and Social Exclusion in Konya

Emel

Tuba

Ayda

Resilience and Adaptation Impact of Covid-19 on Female Entrepreneurship  and Motivation in Gaziantep-Türkiye

Senay

Lecturer

Şehnaz

The Nexuses between Community Attachment, Tourism Support, and Cultural Heritage Protection in the Bektashi Faith Destination: The Roles of Perceived Tourism Impacts and Residency Length

Happiness of Working Women and Homemakers in Türkiye: The Role of  Social Norms and Issues in the Work and Home Domains

Betül

Zuhal

Sulukule Transition: Impact on Municipal Destigmatization and Stigma Stickiness

Terence

Nilüfer

Aslı

Aging Well and the Intersection of Flourishing, Connectedness, and Sense of Meaningfulness in a Changing World: Implications for Personal and Societal Responsibility

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Philip L.

President Trump and Migration Policy

Filiz

For various migrant groups, Turkey has been a transit country for many years. However, due to the ongoing civil war in Syria, Turkey has become the number one destination for Syrian refugees, and now hosts the largest refugee group in the world. This transformation has attracted the attention of different academic disciplines such as law, social policy, social work, psychology and sociology, and especially in politics and media, it has emerged as one of the most debated subjects in recent years. As a result, scholarly researches in increasing numbers have attempted to examine the phenomenon of forced migration from different dimensions, such as security, policy, education, health and gender. However, when considering studies examining forced migration from a gender perspective, it is seen that the studies mostly focus on women because they are more exposed to problems. This situation, which is added to the negative representation of refugee men in the host societies, causes the experience of male refugees to be invisible, and the social aid practices directed towards refugees are less susceptible to the problems of men. Based on this point, this study aims to analyze the problems of male refugees that cannot be seen because of their negative representations, and to discuss them based on social work and aid policies. In line with this purpose, the study was designed as a qualitative research. The working sample of the study consists of 17 male refugees from various nationalities residing in Eskişehir and five specialists who are working in the field of humanitarian aid. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews. The findings of the study indicate that some refugee men are exposed to many social problems, like women, such as discrimination and violence with reference to their gender. Male refugees are experiencing tensions because of their responsibility to support the family. At the same time, they are excluded from migration regulations and social aids aimed at solving these tensions. According to the findings, most of the participants have difficulties in accessing basic needs, such as employment and housing, because of the misrepresentation of masculinity of the male refugees. Although providing for the family is accepted as a male responsibility especially in economic terms, tensions arise because male refugees cannot fulfill this responsibility alone. This situation increases the problems of male refugees in the asylum process, while imposing a passive role at home for refugee women. In addition to difficult situations male refugees experience only because of their gender, their exclusion from migration regulations and social benefits makes their asylum process even more difficult. As a result, it can be concluded that social aid policies and the above-mentioned researches consider the masculinity of male refugees as a typical category in the form of constant hegemonic power against femininity. For this reason, it should primarily be accepted that there is no universal masculin ity that is always advantageous over femininity. The masculinity is also shaped and harmed by patriarchy. For masculinity is not a universal category, it is a dynamic gender identity shaped by historical and cultural conditions, just like femininity. In this respect, it is necessary to think of masculinity as a heterogeneous structure. Indeed, males with different conditions, just like women, may also be in exploited positions. Forced migration is one of these conditions. The forced migration process can make men and women suffer. Of course, it is wrong to say that in the process of forced migration, all male refugees could be in disadvantaged positions. However, social aid policies and researches seeing the masculinity as a universal category rather than a culturally constructed phenomenon, miss an important point: not all males can be equally advantageous in the patriarchal order. In other words, the idea that gender perceptions may have negative effects on men as much as they have on women should be a starting point for gaining further insights into the matter. Scholarly inquiries in this context should be aimed at a better understanding of the multiple structures of masculinity during the course of forced migration, and the inclusion of male refugees in social aid practices as visible actors.

The Invisible Actors of Forced Migration: Male Refugees in The Context of Representation and Gender

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

Halil

Semanur

Although there has been an environment in which global neo-mercantilist protectionist policies have increased in recent times and the countries have further tightened immigration policies, the increase in bilateral trade and migration among the countries remains the two most important results of globalization. Some authors who address the relationship between these two outcomes of globalization have developed a theory that a country’s migration affects trade activities between the host country and the emigrant source country. Gould (1991) stated that this relationship could be realized through two mechanisms. The first is the increase in the import of the host country from the source country as a result of migrants carrying their consumption habits to the host country. The other mechanism is that transaction costs incurred in the process of acquiring information and establishing a trade relationship will be reduced due to immigrants. This is the reason why immigrants’ native language is frequently used and known in the host country and that migrants carry information about their consumption preferences in their own countries to the host country. It is stated that bilateral trade between countries will increase by means of these interaction mechanisms.In the literature, a large number of empirical studies were encountered, which examined the relationship between international trade and international migration for different countries. In these studies, the bilateral trade relations between the immigrant-receiving country, which is a center of attraction, and the emigrant countries were analyzed. From this point of view, this study aims to examine the relationship between international trade and migration for Germany, which is the center of attraction of Europe. Germany is the country with the highest number of immigrants among the European Union countries and the share of Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries is very high among the emigrant countries in Europe. In view of this situation, in the study, it was aimed to examine whether the migration of Germany from the mentioned countries was effective in the foreign trade activities with these countries.CEE countries, based on the definition of the OECD have been determined as Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. In the study covering the data set from 2000 to 2016, a panel gravity model was used.In the study the dependent variables are export and import while the independent variables are the number of immigrants, GDP and per capita GDP of the emigrant countries, the distance between the host country and emigrant countries, and the dummy variable which represents the Customs Union memberships of the countries.In the study, which was modeled for both export and import, findings showed that there was not any significant relationship between the migration and foreign trade of Germany. In the study, which was modeled for both export and import, findings showed that there was not any significant relationship between the migration to Germany and the foreign trade of Germany with CEE countries. On the other hand, GDP, per capita GDP, distance and dummy variables were found to be significant in the model in which export is the dependent variable. According to this, a positive relationship was found&nbsp;between the GDP level of CEE countries and Germany’s exports in accordance with theoretical expectation. On the other hand, there is a negative relationship between GDP per capita in CEE countries and Germany’s exports, contrary to theoretical expectation. Accordingly, per capita income, which represents the level of welfare in CEE countries, reduces imports from Germany. This situation, which is contrary to theoretical expectation, is thought to be related to the fact that these countries are former Soviet Union countries. The distance variable has a negative effect on the export, in line with the expectation. The dummy variable added to determine the impact of the Customs Union membership of the CEE countries revealed a statistically significant and positive relationship. In other words, countries’ membership to the Customs Union positively affects the export of Germany. In the import model, only the Customs Union dummy variable was significant. Accordingly, the membership of the CEE countries to the Customs Union has an increasing impact on Germany’s imports.In summary, it can be stated that Germany did not see an increase in exports from migration. On the other hand, it can be stated that both sides of the relationship are benefiting from regional integration through Customs Union membership.

Analysis of Gravity Model on the Relationship Between Foreign Trade and Immigration: The Case of Germany

Reyhan

Introduction The aim of this study was to reveal the effects of internal migration on poverty in Turkey. In other words, in addition to the many factors that affect poverty, determining how and on what level interregional migration affects poverty is one of the main purposes of the study. The focus of the study were 12 regions in Level 1 and qualitative and quantitative methods were applied together using secondary data. The main purpose of the study is to reveal how migration that took place in the recent past and the differentiation between the regions had an effect on poverty and thus, to guide the policymakers and relevant actors. The aim of the study was to suggest opinions about which regions the individuals, who were forced to migrate due to socio-economic reasons, should incline towards and thus, to reveal alternative migration routes. Another aim of this study is to reveal the final outcomes of migration for the individuals who were living in relatively behind regions and whose poverty had become chronic in creating added value. Thus, it might be possible to determine the impact on individual wealth for those who migrate or those who choose an alternative to migration and to suggest policies.&nbsp;Literature Summary The following studies, which analyze the relationship between poverty and migration, were used as a reference in this study: Bustillo and Anton (2009), Chapman and Bernstein (2003), Güneş (2009), Martin and Taylor (2003), Raphael and Smolensky (2008), Tümtaş (2009), Suro et al. (2011), Tümtaş and Ergun (2014), and to Yıldız and Alaeddinoğlu (2011). In all of this research, it was emphasized that poverty changes with migration and most of the studies drew attention to the effect of migration from rural areas.&nbsp;Econometric Analysis The aim of this study was to reveal the effects of migration in 12 regions in Level 1 segregation of TSI on national and regional poverty. Accordingly, the necessary data set was obtained by determining indicators in accordance with the studies conducted on the relationship between poverty and migration. The used data is from 2008-2014 and was obtained from TSI on Level 1. Subsequently, the created model was estimated with panel data analysis. The econometric problems that were encountered during the analysis were corrected with necessary operations and thus, efficient estimators were obtained.InNumberOfPoorPeopleit= α + β1 lnDependencyit+ β2 lnMigrationit+ β3 lnAgricultural_Empit + β4 lnGNPPCit+ β5 lnAgricultural_Migrationit+ eit InNumberOfPoorPeopleit Number of poor individuals lnDependencyit Total age dependency ratio lnMigrationit The migration that the region receives lnAgricultural_Empit Agricultural employment lnGNPPCit Gross national product per capita (dollar) lnAgricultural_Migrationit Migration from the regions in which the agricultural sector has 6% or more share in the regional GDP (regions in which agricultural employment and production have become relatively prominent) to other regions. i Region t Date (Year)Findings and Evaluation The obtained results reveal that the relationship between the dependency ratio, migration and GNPPC are not statistically significant. However, it was observed that agriculture-based migration decreases the total number of poor people. In other words, an increase in agricultural migration by 100%, decreases the number of poor people in the country by approximately 49%. This result proves that a good number of individuals who migrate from rural to urban areas do not bring their poverty with them by finding new job opportunities. That is, by leaving the agriculture sector, the migration into regions where industry and services are prominent significantly decreases the number of poor people in the country. As a result of the analysis, it can be stated that the autonomous poverty in the discussed regions which can’t be explained with independent variables are different from each other. In other words, the effect of independent variables, such as rural migration, differs in regions in the reduction of poverty with the TR1-Istanbul region ranking first in terms of the magnitude of this effect. According to this ranking which is followed by the TR-3 Aegean and TR6-Mediterranean Regions, it can be stated that other factors which were not included in the model affected the poverty of these regions. This study in which the relationship between poverty and migration was discussed indicates that rural-based migration has a significant effect on poverty. At this point, it should not be overlooked that the knowledge-skill levels of migrated individuals would change the magnitude and direction of this effect. In other words, since agricultural-based migration is effective in the reduction of the number of poor people, this effect can be positively increased by educating the migrating population.

The Effect of Internal Migration on Regional Poverty in Turkey: The Determining Role of the Agricultural Sector

@JOURNAL_BOX_MOSTREAD

Journal of Economy, Culture and Society is an open access and peer-reviewed scholarly journal published biannually in June and December. It has been the official publication of the Methodology and Sociology Research Center at the Istanbul University Faculty of Economics since 1960. Starting from the 57th issue, published in 2018, the journal changed its name from “The Istanbul Journal of Sociological Studies / Sosyoloji Konferansları” to Journal of Economy, Culture and Society.
 
As of 2022 the publication language of the journal is only English and the print version has been stopped; the journal continues as an electronic only journal. The manuscripts submitted for publication in the journal must be scientific work in English.

Journal of Economy, Culture and Society is dedicated to the unlimited circulation of high quality academic contributions relevant to the field of Sociology, with an international focus. The journal provides a forum for exploring issues mainly in Sociology, but also welcomes manuscripts from other disciplines that are suitable for international and interdisciplinary audiences. The target group of the journal comprises academicians, researchers, professionals, students, related professionals and academic bodies and institutions.

Veysel

RePEc IDEAS

ProQuest

RePEc EconPapers

Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)

EBSCO

ERIH PLUS

TR Dizin

DOAJ

SOBIAD

Gale Cengage

@METRIC_VOLUMES

@METRIC_ISSUES

@METRIC_ARTICLES

@METRIC_OPENACCESS

Journal of Economy Culture and Society

@INFO_TAB_ABOUT

Editor in Chief

Co Editor in Chief

Editorial Management Board Member

Section Editor

Language Editor

Editorial Assistant

Editorial Board Member

Advisory Board Member

@INFO_TAB_BOARDS

Journal of Economy, Culture and Society is an open access and peer-reviewed scholarly journal published biannually in June and December. It has been the official publication of the Methodology and Sociology Research Center at the Istanbul University Faculty of Economics since 1960. Starting from the 57th issue, published in 2018, the journal changed its name from “The Istanbul Journal of Sociological Studies / Sosyoloji Konferansları” to Journal of Economy, Culture and Society. Journal of Economy, Culture and Society aims to provide a forum for exploring social, economic and cultural issues with an international focus. Because of the interdisciplinary and international character of the journal, manuscripts that are not suitable for an interdisciplinary and international audience should be submitted to more appropriate venues.  As of 2022, the publication language of the journal is only English. Therefore, the manuscripts submitted for publication must be scientific and original work in English. Preference will be given to manuscripts that make clear empirical contributions and/or comprise methodological and theoretical innovations.

Aim and Scope

<ul><li>Web of Science - Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)</li><li>TÜBİTAK-ULAKBİM TR Dizin</li><li>DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals)</li><li>ProQuest Central   </li><li>ProQuest Turkey Database    </li><li>ProQuest Social Sciences Database     </li><li>ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection​</li><li>EBSCO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic Source</li><li>EBSCO Sociology Source Ultimate</li><li>RePEc IDEAS</li><li>RePEc EconPapers</li><li>Erih Plus</li><li>SOBİAD</li><li>Gale Cengage </li></ul>

Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. Plagiarism Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%. Double Blind Peer-Review After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Policies

The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

All expenses of the journal are covered by the Istanbul University. Processing and publication are free of charge with the journal. There is no article processing charges or submission fees for any submitted or accepted articles.

Authors publishing with the journal retain the copyright to their work licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a> ) and grant the Publisher non-exclusive commercial right to publish the work. CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Editor should consider publishing correction if minor errors that do not effect the results, interpretations and conclusions of the published paper are detected. Editor should consider retraction if major errors and/or misconduction that invalidate results and conclusions are detected.Editor should consider issuing an expression of concern if there is evidence of research or publication misconduct by the authors; there is evidence that the findings are not reliable and institutions of the authors do not investigate the case or the possible investigation seems to be unfair or nonconclusive. The guidelines of <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/flowcharts/complete-set-english" target="_blank">COPE</a> and <a href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/" target="_blank">ICJME</a> are taken into consideration regarding correction, retractions or expression of concern.RetractionJournal follows <a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/retraction-guidelines-cope.pdf" target="_blank">COPE’s Retraction Guidelines</a> in case of retraction. The editor has the right to retract an article if: <ul><li>There is clear evidence that the findings are unreliable; either as a result of a major error (e.g. miscalculation or experimental error), or as a result of fabrication (e.g. of data) or falsification (e.g. image manipulation).</li><li>It contains plagiarised content. </li><li>It has been published elsewhere without proper attribution. </li><li>It contains material or data without authorisation for use.</li><li>There is copyright infringement or there is some other serious legal issue.</li><li>It reports unethical research. </li><li>There is evidence that the peer-review process is compromised or manipulated.</li><li>The author(s) failed to disclose a significant competing interest (also known as a conflict of interest) that, in the opinion of the editor, would have unduly influenced the interpretation of the work or the recommendations of the editors and peer reviewers.</li></ul>In case of retraction the following steps are followed:<ul><li>Retraction notice including article title is published in a subsequent issue of the journal. The retraction notice is paginated and listed in the table of contents. </li><li>A link is provided between the retraction notice and the original article in the electronic version. </li><li>The online article is preceded by a page containing the retraction notice; the reader can then proceed to the article itself.</li><li>The original article remains unchanged, except for a watermark on the .pdf on each page stating that it has been &#34;retracted”.</li></ul>Article Removal for Legal ReasonsIn the following circumstances, except the metadata (title and authors), the text of the article is removed and a page informing that the article has been removed for legal reasons replaces the article. <ul><li>The article is found to be defamatory or to infringe the legal rights of others, and retraction is not deemed to be an adequate solution.</li><li>The article has been, or is reasonably likely to be the subject of a court order.</li><li>There is a significant risk to public health. </li></ul>

To guarantee that all papers published in the journal are maintained and permanently accessible, articles are stored in Dergipark which serves as a  national archival web site and at the same time permits LOCKSS to  collect, preserve, and serve the content.Additionally, authors are encouraged to self-archive the final PDF version of their articles in open electronic archives with  that conform to standards of Open Archives Initiative (<a href="https://www.openarchives.org/" target="_blank">https://www.openarchives.org/</a>). Authors should provide a link from the deposited version to the URL of IUPress journal website.

Journal of Economy Culture and Society is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a>All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publishers) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

The journal adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.-    Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.-    The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.-    The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.-    Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.-    Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.-    The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest or must be disclosed.-    In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.-    If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.-    In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/58A51CDB5B23462FBD0E47E0A50DCDF2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>. The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, sexual orientation, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the Journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication. He/She must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers. Only he has the full authority to assign a reviewer and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. Editor-inChief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by Editor-in-Chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the journal.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated? - Are the methods described comprehensively? - Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

LanguageThe language of the journal is American English.Manuscript Organization and SubmissionAll correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jecs" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jecs</a> and it must be accompanied by a cover letter indicating that the manuscript is intended for publication, specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). Manuscripts should be prepared in Microsoft Word 2003 and upper versions. In addition, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/58A51CDB5B23462FBD0E47E0A50DCDF2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted.1. The manuscripts should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 12 font size and line spacing of 1.5.2. The manuscripts should contain between 4500 and 8500 words and the page numbers must be at the bottom and in the middle.3.  The name(s) of author(s) should be given just beneath the title of the study aligned to the right. Also the affiliation, title, e-mail and phone of the author(s) must be indicated on the bottom of the page as a footnote marked with an asterisk (*).4.  Submitted manuscripts must have an abstract between 180 and 200 words, before the introduction, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the methodology used. Underneath the abstracts, 3 to 5 keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified.5. The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; body text with sections, footnotes and references.6. Research article sections are ordered as follows: “INTRODUCTION”, “AIM AND METHODOLOGY”, “FINDINGS”, “DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION”, “ENDNOTES”, “REFERENCES” and “TABLES AND FIGURES”.7. Introduction section at the beginning of the manuscript must be indicated as “1. INTRODUCTION”. All sections and sub-sections where the research question is described and importance of the study is explained must be numbered. The numbering format must be as 1,2,3, 4 for the main sections, and 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2 and 1.1.1, 1.2.1, 1.2.2 for the sub-sections.8. The 6th version of the APA (American Psychological Association) reference style should be used for in-text citation and references list. For information and samples on the APA 6 style please refer to http://istanbul.edu.tr:8080/en/journal/jecs/information/author-guideline and/or REFERENCES section in the Information for Authors.9. Tables, graphs and figures can be given with a number and a defining title if and only if it is necessary to follow the idea of the article. the article. The title of table should be placed above the table; caption of figure should be placed beneath the figure. Features like demographic characteristics that can be given within the text should not be indicated as tables separately.10. A title page including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/C61BA5F19B814CA8830C10C055284DD8" target="_blank">title page</a> is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, postal address, phone and fax number of the author(s) (see The Submission Checklist).11. Authors are responsible for all statements made in their work submitted to the Journal for publication.12. The author(s) can be asked to make some changes in their articles due to peer reviews.13. A copy of the journal will be sent to each author of the accepted articles upon their request.14. The manuscripts that were submitted to the journal will not be returned whether they are published or not.

Author Guidelines

Manuscript Submission GuideBefore beginning the online submission process please read the Information for Authors and make sure you have the followings available:fCover letter to the editor <ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li> <li>Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.</li> <li>Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.</li> <li>Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li> <li>Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.</li> </ul> </ul><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/58A51CDB5B23462FBD0E47E0A50DCDF2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscriptTitle page<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The category of the manuscript</li> <li>The title of the manuscript</li> <li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li> <li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax number</li> <li>ORCIDs of all authors.</li> </ul> </ul>Main Manuscript Document<ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript</li> <li>Abstracts (180-200 words) </li> <li>Key words: 3 to 5 words</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Grant support (if exists)</li> <li>Conflict of interest (if exists)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li> </ul> </ul>Manuscript Submission<ul type="disc"> <li style="text-align: left;">DergiPark manuscript submission site of the journal is: <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2249/submission/step/manuscript/new" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2249/submission/step/manuscript/new</a> </li> <li style="text-align: left;">The manuscript must be submitted through the account of the corresponding author. The account of authors other than the corresponding author or someone else who is not included as an author in the work must not be used for submission. All correspondence regarding the submission is made with the corresponding author through e-mail via the DergiPark system.</li> <li style="text-align: left;">While uploading Main Document, make sure that the main document has no information that clarify the author’s identity. Due to double blind peer review, Main Document must not include Title Page, the name of author or any other detail that can disclose the author identity. </li> </ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>Files to be uploaded separately<ul type="disc"> <li>Copyright Agreement Form</li> <li>Permissions obtained for previously published material if used in the present manuscript</li> <li>Title page</li> <li>Main Manuscript Document</li> </ul><ul type="disc"> <ul type="circle"> <li>The title of the manuscript </li> <li>Abstracts (180-200 words) </li> <li>Key words: 3 to 5 words</li> <li>Main article sections</li> <li>Grant support (if exists)</li> <li>Conflict of interest (if exists)</li> <li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li> <li>References</li> <li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)</li></ul></ul><ul type="disc"> </ul>

Although references to review articles can be an efficient way to guide readers to a body of literature, review articles do not always reflect original work accurately. Readers should therefore be provided with direct references to original research sources whenever possible. On the other hand, extensive lists of references to original work on a topic can use excessive space on the printed page. Small numbers of references to key original papers often serve as well as more exhaustive lists, particularly since references can now be added to the electronic version of published papers, and since electronic literature searching allows readers to retrieve published literature efficiently. Papers accepted but not yet included in the issue are published online in the Early View section and they should be cited as “advance online publication”. Citing a “personal communication” should be avoided unless it provides essential information not available from a public source, in which case the name of the person and date of communication should be cited in parentheses in the text. For scientific articles, written permission and confirmation of accuracy from the source of a personal communication must be obtained.Reference Style and FormatJournal of Economy Culture and Society complies with APA (American Psychological Association) style 6th Edition for referencing and quoting. For more information:-    American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.-    <a href="http://www.apastyle.org" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org</a>Citations in the TextCitations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis.If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation;(Esin, et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author;(Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors;(Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors;First citation in the text: (Ailen, Ciambrune, &amp; Welch, 2000) Subsequent citations in the text: (Ailen, et al., 2000)Citations with more than six authors;(Çavdar, et al., 2003)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Basic Reference TypesBooka) Turkish BookKarasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. Ankara, Turkey: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into TurkishMucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.c) Edited BookÖren, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish Encyclopedia of Informatics]. İstanbul, Turkey: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple AuthorsTonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Ankara, Turkey: Total Bilişim.e) Book in EnglishKamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited BookBassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in TurkishErkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Bursa, Turkey: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisherAmerican Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Articlea) Turkish ArticleMutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Articlede Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Seven AuthorsLal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) Journal Article from Web, without DOISidani, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of nursing care effectiveness. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35(3), 26–38. Retrieved from http://cjnr.mcgill.cae) Journal Article wih DOITurner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online PublicationSmith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Article in a MagazineHenry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28–31.Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceedinga) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial DatabaseVan Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943436)b) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional DatabaseYaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Retrieved from: http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalic) Dissertation/Thesis from WebTonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar /phd/ickapak.htmld) Dissertation/Thesis abstracted in Dissertations Abstracts InternationalAppelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica&#173;tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.e) Symposium ContributionKrinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.f) Conference Paper Abstract Retrieved OnlineLiu, S. (2005, May). Defending against business crises with the help of intelligent agent based early warning solutions. Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Miami, FL. Abstract retrieved from http://www.iceis.org/iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htmg) Conference Paper - In Regularly Published Proceedings and Retrieved OnlineHerculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105h) Proceeding in Book FormParsons, O. A., Pryzwansky, W. B., Weinstein, D. J., &amp; Wiens, A. N. (1995). Taxonomy for psychology. In J. N. Reich, H. Sands, &amp; A. N. Wiens (Eds.), Education and training beyond the doctoral degree: Proceedings of the American Psychological Association National Conference on Postdoctoral Education and Training in Psychology (pp. 45–50). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.i) Paper PresentationNguyen, C. A. (2012, August). Humor and deception in advertising: When laughter may not be the best medicine. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.Other Sourcesa) Newspaper ArticleBrowne, R. (2010, March 21). This brainless patient is no dummy. Sydney Morning Herald, 45.b) Newspaper Article with no AuthorNew drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.c) Web Page/Blog PostBordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Encyclopedia/DictionaryIgnition. (1989). In Oxford English online dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed.comMarcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) PodcastDunning, B. (Producer). (2011, January 12). in Fact: Conspiracy theories [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/f) Single Episode in a Television SeriesEgan, D. (Writer), &amp; Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate. [Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), House; New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) MusicFuchs, G. (2004). Light the menorah. On Eight nights of Hanukkah [CD]. Brick, NJ: Kid Kosher.

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/58A51CDB5B23462FBD0E47E0A50DCDF2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/B0CDC112EC994891B39C43D4117F7DDD" target="_blank">Title page</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/8AA0D406EF1440A283EF753F11677E15" target="_blank">Author Form</a>

Ensure that the following items are present:●    Cover letter to the editorü    The category of the manuscriptü    Confirming that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.ü    Including disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement.ü    Confirming that the statistical design of the research article is reviewed.ü    Confirming that last control for fluent English was done.ü    Confirming that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.ü    Confirming that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in line with APA 6.●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/58A51CDB5B23462FBD0E47E0A50DCDF2" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>●    Permission of previously published copyrighted material if used in the present manuscript●    <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/4CF3D066F2D841EAA202550103DA014C" target="_blank">Title page</a>ü    The category of the manuscriptü    The title of the manuscriptü    All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addressesü    Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, telephone and fax numberü    ORCIDs of all authors.●    Main Manuscript Documentü    The title of the manuscriptü    Abstract (180-200 words)ü    Key words: 3 to 5 wordsü    Main article sectionsü    Grant support (if exists)ü    Conflict of interest (if exists)ü    Acknowledgement (if exists)ü    Referencesü    All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, description, footnotes)

Issue Type	Special
Editor(s)	Lütfi Sunar
Cover (PDF)
Full Text (PDF)
Front Pages (PDF)