Burcu

Assist. Prof.

“I was subjected to cringe translation”: Digital Social Reading and the Reception of Translated Young Adult Fantasy Fiction

Hasan

Zeynep

Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Information being more accessible through digital networks in the 21st century has enabled ideas to be introduced not only through ideologues and limited news sources but also through new media literates, and this has enabled Karl Marx’s ideas to be rewritten and retranslated by different actors. This article examines four pieces of content the Öncül Analitik Felsefe community has rewritten and retranslated from English to Turkish concerning the concept of alienation as developed by Marx and some relational concepts Marx had emphasized such as colonialism and historical class conflict. Rewriting is one of the concepts this study focuses on and defining it is essential. Rewritings represent all factors related to the formation of the image of an author or a work in the target culture. Whatever the purpose, rewritings reflect a certain ideology and poetics, directing literature to function in a certain way in a society (Lefevere, 2004). Additionally, this research is based theoretically on such translation practices that have arisen around virtual experiences and algorithms as online social translation, online collaborative translation, community translation, and user-derived translation content production. In addition, the study interviewed the founder of the community about the community and analyzed the responses using netnographic analysis methods, which focus on virtual network communities, the users who interact with each other in online environments, and their actions. The Öncül Analitik Felsefe community is an open science community and its rewritings and retranslations of Marx has been undertaken with an understanding derived from the tradition of analytical philosophy as opposed to the Marxist understanding that is dominant in Türkiye and that had derived from the tradition of continental philosophy. This assists in the comparison for understanding both traditions better, because unlike the characteristics of the continental philosophical tradition such as literary expression and a distant stance toward natural sciences, analytic philosophy is based on linguistic, logical, and conceptual analyses that don’t make the literature an actor of philosophy. The analytical philosophical tradition is criticized for ignoring many injustices because it does not have a historical perspective. On the contrary, ideological prejudices and experiences in the continental philosophy tradition may come to the fore. This analytic and rational understanding aims to position Marxism on a more rational basis by pulling it away from the ideological and historical perspective. In light of all this information, the article will question whether the contents can be defined as active and critical by considering the production and consumption conditions of the retranslation. The article will examine the volunteer translators’ motivations, rewriting and retranslation strategies, and ethical stances, as well as whether a relationship can be established between the analytical Marxist approach built around the rewriting and translation of Marx in the mentioned community and democratic values. In order to understand the purposes for which the Öncül Analitik Felsefe community has rewritten and retranslated Marx’s ideas and to analyze the rewriting process of the community, certain results have emerged in light of the concepts highlighted within the scope of the study. The study has determined in detail the characteristics of the examined retranslation practices examined based on Anthony Pym and Yanjie Li’s thoughts on retranslation. The study has revealed that retranslating using digital networks enables the retranslation practice to be more accessible to the masses by establishing a dialogue between the reader and the translator thanks to the accessibility of the data that comes with open science, especially for a community that produces and circulates open science content such as the Öncül Analitik Felsefe community. In addition, this study has aimed to contribute to the expansion and diversification of the definition and application areas of the concept of rewriting through digital networks.&nbsp;

A Spectre Is Haunting Digital Network: Rewriting Of Karl Marx By Volunteer Translators

Erdinç

Literary translation is a type of translation that has its own characteristics among specialized types of translations. While other fields use a one-to-one translation strategy, literary translation utilizes many different strategies. Therefore, while terms play an important role in other fields, formal and stylistic features of the language come to the fore alongside terms in the translation of literary texts. This is because in addition to transferring the grammatical features of the source language into the target language, eliciting the desired emotional state in the reader is also part of the requirements. This is only possible by effectively reflecting the formal and stylistic features of that language into the target language.&nbsp;In literary translation, however, sometimes the translator adopts a free translation approach by completely breaking away from the text. A translator’s ability to act freely and confidently is directly related to the tools they have, and a translator with sufficient tools will be able to successfully make the necessary intervention in the text. In addition, translators who will make literary translations must first have a strong command of both the source language and culture as well as the target language and culture. Translators must also have artistic skills, because for a translation to be successful and functional, the emotional states and artistic effects of the source text must be revealed to the reader of the target text. This is only possible with artistic skill.Nowadays, translators can carry out the translation process faster and more effectively by resorting to the opportunities offered by technology. The most popular of these new technologies are artificial intelligence (AI)-supported translation tools (AISTTs). While these tools have been used successfully in translations from different fields of expertise, their success in translating literary texts has been a matter of debate. The fact that literary translation has a versatile feature has led to the perception that high quality translation in this field can only be achieved by human translators. However, although a high-quality translation cannot currently be achieved with these tools in the field of literary translation, these tools are seen to be able to be used in the literary translation process with the final editing of the work.In addition, the translation quality of AISTTs doesn’t only depend on text type. Factors such as the amount of data they contain, the frequency of use of the translated language pair, and the structural features of the languages affect the translation success of these systems. Although the success of these tools in literary translation is a matter of debate, the fact that these tools can be used effectively in the literary translation process should not be ignored. This study examines the proficiency of AISTTs in literary translation by comparing them with each other and with human translators. For this purpose, the translations of Albert Camus’s (1942) The Stranger (L’Ètranger) into Turkish by three different translators were used as an example of a literary text type, with Google Translate, DeepL, and ChatGPT being preferred as examples of AISTTs.&nbsp;Camus’s novel The Stranger was published in 1942 and made a big impact on the literary world. The Stranger took its place in the literary world as one of the pioneering works of existential philosophy and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1957. It maintains its place among the most read works today. Reflecting the influence and traces of the pessimistic and hopeless environment of World War II in his works, Camus essentially searched for ways people could survive even in the most difficult and hopeless of times. As a matter of fact, in Camus’ novel The Stranger, Meursault as the hero of the novel who does not learn from the absurdity and meaninglessness of human life and who draws attention with his carelessness and indifference towards life finds himself one step at a time, first through his indifference to his mother’s death and then through the murder he unexpectedly committed in Algeria. The story is about being indifferent to the process that leads to death.AISTTs, also called machine translation, are tools that allow automatic translation without human intervention. Because some of these tools are used with different models, they are considered in this text as AI-supported translation tools in their broader sense rather than as a machine translation. Although the history of these tools dates back to the period when computers emerged after World War II, they have caught eyes and even begun to attract great attention in recent years, with the neural machine translation method they use providing a visible improvement in translation quality

A Comparative Study on the Competencies of Ai-supported Translation Tools in Literary Translation

Özden

Challenges and Opportunities in Telephone Interpreting: A Study on The Perspectives of Interpreters

Barış

Res. Assist.

The Role of Critical Discourse Analysis in Translation: A Case of the Political Speech

Atalay

Assoc. Prof.

Political Dynamics of Transfer: Said’s Islamist Orientalism (1982)

Melek

Öğretim Görevlisi

Lale

Turkish has been written in different alphabets throughout history, and the Armenian alphabet has been one of these (Tekin, 1997, p. 7). Some explanations are found as to why this alphabet was used; however, the common aspect among these explanations is that it was due to the presence of Armenians who either did not know or knew a little Armenian but spoke Turkish.Turkish readers encountered the novel genre for the first time through translation. Being introduced to a new literary genre that was completely alien to the society brought along some restrictions regarding translation activities. The Turkish translators and/or the publishers of Tanzimat Period in the 19th century can be said to have been cautious when choosing the text type or authors to be translated. When selecting a text for translation, morality was one of the leading translation norms and played an important role in which works were translated from Western literature to Ottoman Turkish.The relationship between novels and morality was observed being discussed in most 19th-century Ottoman newspapers and magazines. Novels were assigned a moral function under the condition that they are to conform to the society’s existing moral values (Andı, 2018, p. 53).The same translation approach was observable in the translations from Western and European literature to Armeno Turkish. The Armenian translators and publishers acted no differently from their contemporaries while choosing texts for translation, as morality was also one of the leading norms for the Armenian translators and publishers.This study has chosen for its research the prefaces as of 10 Armeno-Turkish novel translations between 1850-1900 as paratext in order to verify the correctness of the statement and analyzed these in terms of Gideon Toury’s (2012) preliminary norms. These novels are Don Kişot [Don Quixote], Hikaye-i Robenson [Robinson Crusoe], Etmekçi Ğatun [La Porteuse de pain/The Bread Peddler], Cinayet Mahsuli [Le Parricide], Paris Sevdaleri [Les amours de Paris], Bikes Yağod Familyadan Mahrumiyet [Sans Famille], Güzel Anjel Yağod Leona [Beautiful Angel or Leona], Seksen Günde Devr-i Alem [Around the World in 80 Days], Gençlere Hediye [A Gift to Young People], and Zevceyne Hediye [Letters to Young People, Single and Married]. The names of the titles are written as they appeared on the covers of the Armeno-Turkish translations. The translators and also publishers mentioned morality in the prefaces of these works, indicating how their selection of the text for translation had been influenced by the moral standards of the society in which they lived. To exemplify how the concept of morality was an important issue that had to be taken into account in novel translations, the article provides citations referencing morality, highlighting themes form these prefaces such as growing up with moral values, teaching morality through novels, preservation of one’s morality, and enhancement of morality.Some conclusions that can be drawn from the research is that the translation strategies and approaches of the Armenian translators and publishers were quite similar to the understanding that occurred in Ottoman translation activities in terms of morality; the Armenian translators and publishers were not disconnected from the 19th-century Ottoman translation approaches and strategies but rather acted as agents adhering to the needs of the period in question. Thus, an interaction can be said to have existed between Armenian and Turkish translators in the context of this study, one which Saliha Paker also mentioned in her article “Translated European Literature in the Late Ottoman Polysystem” (1987).&nbsp;This research has been performed within a limited context over prefaces as paratext. However, due to the scarce amount of research on Armeno-Turkish novel translations in the field of translation studies, this research believes that the field remains largely unexplored and that the amount of research should increase gradually. However, the study is also of the opinion that this limited article already demonstrates how Armeno-Turkish novel translations from European literature had contributed significantly to translation activities during the Tanzimat period, and this study is believed to be able to pave the way for further research on the textual dimension.

Morality in the Translation of Armeno-Turkish Novels

Yeşim

In today’s world, the traditional notion of childhood that used to regard children as miniature adults gave rise to the modern notion of childhood. Therefore, it has been accepted that children differ from adults in terms of their developmental features, world knowledge, skills, and expectations. When children started to be addressed as a subject instead of an object, children’s literature and art for children came up. Moreover, a need for making theatre for children emerged, and children’s theatres were founded (Akyüz, 2019, s. 1164).Theatre plays written for children differ from those written for adults in terms of text structure and language, characters, content, and length. Clarity and plainness in language and content should not mean simplicity. As the principles “suitability for children” and “children’s reality” (Şirin, 2016, p. 24) show, it is significant to use rich and poetic language that improves children’s language development and is not above their reception level in accordance with their developmental features. Besides, as children cannot sit still for a long time as adults can, theatre plays that are shorter, full of movement and action and written with good rhythm and flow will engage their attention.Children’s theatre translation means translating/adapting plays written for children or adults in the source language into the target language for children. As there is a large research gap in this area in both foreign and domestic literature, accepting children’s theatre translation as a specific type of translation and determining its requirements and features would contribute to translation studies.This study includes a children’s theatre play, Bir Yaz Masalı, adapted from A Midsummer Night’s Dream by Shakespeare, the preface written by the translator to the book of the play (2021), and an online interview conducted with the translator herself. The children’s play is analysed in accordance with the steps of translation criticism established in the light of Skopos theory by Hans J. Vermeer (Tellioğlu, 1996). These are the steps used in evaluating the data and reorganised when needed; “(1) the determination of the function of the translated text, (2) the determination of intra-textual coherency of the translated text, (3) the determination of the intra-textual coherency of the original text and (4) the determination of the intertextual coherency of the translated text and the original text” (Tellioğlu, 1996, p. 51-53).In the first step of translation criticism, it is stated that the translator adapted Shakespeare’s play for Turkish children with the purpose of introducing Shakespeare and a classic theatre play to them so that they become familiar with a great English writer and his play, enriching their language via poetic and rich language full of proverbs, idioms, rhymes, lyrics and songs and paving the way for them to turn into selective theatre goers in the future. In the second step, the play is evaluated in terms of its text and language structure, characters, and themes. As a result of this analysis, it is found that the dialogues produce rhyme and movement to engage children’s attention, the language is full of proverbs, idioms, rhymes and lyrics similar to Shakespearean poetic and figurative language, proper names are translated with domestication strategy in a way names point out the characteristics of the characters and the major themes of the original play are kept but changed to some extent taking children’s reception level, inner world and cultural differences into account. In the third step, as the ultimate goal of the study is to evaluate and describe children’s theatre plays and their features and requirements, English play is not analysed but the language of Shakespeare’s plays is described generally and briefly. In the last step of translation criticism, it is determined that the skopos of the children’s play differs from the skopos of the original play, as children’s play is written first for children, which entails different translation strategies and attitudes compared to the plays written for adults.In short, it can be put forward that Emel Bala, a theatre practitioner and translator, creates rich and poetic language in a nondidactic way leading to movement and contributing to children’s language development and follows the principles “suitability for children” and “children’s reality” (Şirin, 2016) both in language and content of the play with also an aesthetic concern. The function of the original play changes when it is adapted or translated for a different target group, in our case, for children. The ultimate goal of this translation or adaptation process is to create a play that both works on stage and on page firstly for children who exhibit various developmental features and have different inner world and world knowledge compared to adults. We put forward that this article will contribute to the field of children’s theatre translation and inspire further research in this field.&nbsp;

An Example of Translation Criticism considering Skopos Theory: Adaptation of W. Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream into a Children’s Theatre Play Bir Yaz Masalı

Sanaz

Mohammad

Bridging Cultures through Verse: Shakespearean Sonnets’ Persian Translations Through the Lens of Vinay-Darbelnet’s Model

Sinem

This study focuses on the novel Lady Who by Joan Kim Erkan and its Turkish translation of Kim Bu by Zeynep Avcı. Joan Kim Erkan is a Welsh woman who narrates the last sixty years of Turkey in her novel by blending her personal experiences and stories with the cities of Istanbul and Aydın as background settings. Zeynep Avcı is a well-known translator and author herself, having translated different works.&nbsp;What is interesting about the corpus is that the same publisher published both Turkish and English versions of the work at the same time. Although Lady Who (the English version) was produced as an original work in English, it was analysed as a translation referring to the concept of “watermark translation” launched by Sündüz Öztürk Kasar. The concept refers to a product produced as a result of a mental translation process. The work can be an original text written directly in the native language of the context in which it was published; however, this language is not actually the original language of the context presented in the work. Erkan, a British who came to Turkey after marrying a Turkish man, has actually translated Turkish culture into her native language, English. Thus, her novel goes from the context of abroad to the context of home, where she wants to recount the realities of a foreign culture to those sharing the same language and culture as herself. In addition, the translation of this work into Turkish by Zeynep Avcı is much more interesting, and its process is different from other literary translations, since this Turkish translation can be analysed as a return to its original culture. Thus, Kim Bu, the Turkish version, was examined in line with the concept of "retro-translation" again proposed by Öztürk Kasar.Considering the characteristics of watermark translation, the cultural features inherent in source and target texts have been comparatively analysed under the headings of proper names, forms of address, idioms and phrases, historical features, religious features, and cultural features related to food, social life, traditions, and customs. How the author (the watermark translator) conveys these elements of Turkish culture to the English reader, and thus how the work is positioned as a translation, as well as the characteristics of its Turkish retro-translation, are examined with a descriptive approach.In the analysis, after briefly describing the author (watermark translator) and the translator, the concepts of watermark translation and retro-translation are explained in detail in order to contextualise the study. The studies in which these concepts are discussed are briefly listed, and reflections on these concepts in our corpus are provided.&nbsp;Secondly, the cultural features are categorised, referring to other research focused on watermark translation. These sub-categories include proper names, forms of address, idioms and phrases, historical features, religious features and cultural features related to food, social life, traditions and customs. These are comparatively examined in the English and Turkish versions of the novel. Because of space constraints, the study selected the most representative examples out of the entire corpus.&nbsp;After this comparative analysis, the findings related to the concept of watermark translation and retro-translation are presented. Finally, a general conclusion is presented by evaluating the findings. Ultimately, it is concluded that the author-translator’s mental translation can be observed in the Turkish version of the novel in terms of borrowed Turkish words, their explanations, additions, and footnotes, while deletions of these features in the English version underline the characteristics of a retro-translation. Thus, once more, it becomes clear that the enlarged meaning of translation encompasses numerous distinct facets.

Kim Bu: A Study of Joan Kim Erkan’s Novel Lady Who as a Watermark Translation and its Retro-translation into Turkish

Eshabil

Deniz Dilşad

The objective of this study is to examine the translations of Italian literary work titles into Ottoman Turkish as presented in the book entitled “İtalyan Tarih-i Edebiyatı” (History of Italian Literature), which stands as the first documenting the history of Italian literature within Turkish cultural and literary discourse. Karakartal and Arslan translated the Ottoman Turkish text originally penned in Arabic script into Latin script, culminating in its publication in 2012. Within this literary inquiry, M. Rauf divideded Italian literature into four distinct periods. Additionally, he provides insights into select poets and authors whom he deems significant, often presenting translated excerpts of their compositions in Ottoman Turkish, occasionally merely referencing authors’ names and their respective works.The theoretical framework for this article is outlined by the “preliminary norms” of Gideon Toury, who argued that translation, of any type, is a norm-driven activity and states that the determining factor for the equivalence relationship between the target text and the source text is translation norms. He argued that these norms apply to every stage of the translation process. By categorising norms into two groups -“preliminary norms” and “operational norms”- the translation scholar also discusses the concept of “initial norms” as an “explanatory tool.” Through this concept, Toury asserts the possibility of explaining the dichotomy between adequacy and acceptability and highlights the fact that it is possible to establish a general preference concerning the path followed in translation and that “implemented translation decisions” are established by a mixture of the extremes of adequacy and acceptability indicated by the preliminary norms, or decisions that reach a compromise between these extremes as a result of the current situation. According to Toury, the translation policy involves the selection of types of texts to be imported into a specific culture or language at a given time, including the selection of individual texts. “Preliminary norms” comprise two interconnected groups: those related to the nature and existence of a translation policy, and those related to the directness of translation. Directness refers to the choice to translate into the target language through an intermediate language or directly from the original source language. Another normative complex consists of the “norms of the translation process”, which Toury defined as the rules that guide decisions made during the act of translation. These norms guide the dynamics of change and invariability between the source text and the target text. This concept is further divided into the two categories called “matricial norms” and “textual-linguistic norms”. According to Toury, matrix norms influence the presence, position in the text, and segmentation of material in the target language, which replaces material in the source language.With the use of this methodological approach in this contribution, we intend to comprehensively and accurately analyse the translations and/or adaptations into Ottoman Turkish of the titles of Italian literary works found in the book “İtalyan Tarih-i Edebiyatı” by M. Rauf, thus providing a significant perspective on the reception and understanding of Italian literature in the Ottoman Turkish cultural universe of the period.In this article, M. Rauf’s Arabic script text was considered as the target text, and when necessary, Karakartal’s other works were also consulted. In this article, it was decided to use the original text in Arabic characters, and not Karakartal and Arslan’s transliteration, as the main source because it represents the true reference text for the analysis of the translation of the titles of the works and the anthologized texts. Names written in Arabic characters in the original text are highlighted in bold, those in Latin characters are in italics, and titles of works for which only the Turkish translation is provided without indicating the Italian version are presented in square brackets ([...]). The authors’ names of the studies that were not mentioned have not been included. The names of the works given in the target text are given in the order in which they appear in M. Rauf’s work. At the end of his work, M. Rauf indicated his sources in the “me’hazlarımız” (bibliography) and listed the reference materials used in the preparation of his work. Among the sources used, some were in English, some in French, and some in Italian. Accordingly, regarding the question of directness, taking into consideration the languages of the sources that the author/translator listed and turned to in the preparation of his work, it can be seen that both French and English were used as intermediate languages, in addition to Italian as the main language. The use of the intermediate language is evident not only in the reference documents the author/translator referred to but also in the examples detailed and examined in the analysis section of this paper.

An Investigation into the Horizon of “Preliminary Norms in Translation”: Denominations of Works in Italian to Ottoman Turkish in M. Rauf’s “İtalyan Tarih-i Edebiyatı” (History of Italian Literature)

Arsun

Prof.

CALL FOR PAPER

Anne

Community Translation and Interpretation Services in Settlement  Agencies: Perspectives from Translators and Interpreters in New  Brunswick, Canada

Aslı

Assist. Prof. Dr.

The Community Interpreter’s Role: Students’ Perceptions in the Context of  Growing Needs in Türkiye

Yelda

The paradigm shift, which can generally be attributed to a "social turn" in translation studies, has led to the increased integration of methodological and theoretical approaches from various disciplines such as communication studies, psychology, sociology, and cultural studies. These approaches have signiﬁcantly enriched interpreting research by advancing the scholarly debate by introducing new perspectives. Consequently, these theoretical and methodological inquiries imply the need to re-examine the relevance of interpreter-mediated interactions in various social and cultural contexts and analyse them from a sociological interactional approach.This paper aims to descriptively demonstrate the extent to which the interactional sociological approach of the inter- action order, as proposed by American sociologist Erving Goﬀman, intersects with interpreter-mediated interactions in community interpreting. At the core of this study is the phenomenon of "face-to-face interaction," with a focus on social structures and individual actions within a social situation or setting.To provide an understanding of the application of Goﬀman’s interaction order, a summary of his approaches to the analysis of interactions in speciﬁc situations is presented. Goﬀman seeks to describe both the regularities and disruptions that emerge from the situation in which actors are in a reciprocal relationship. The actors involved in the interaction process can draw upon diﬀerent evaluations when assessing the given social situation, despite established norms and explicit expectations. Since much of Goﬀman’s work is based on theoretical statements about the interactional order, this paper does not highlight speciﬁc studies by Goﬀman. Instead, it incorporates the analysis of the interactional order according to Goﬀman to show how this analysis can be integrated into the dynamic interaction process of community interpretation. As such, the terms situation, institution, and interaction, which are embedded both in the concept of the interactional order and in interpreter-mediated interaction, are explained.It is important to emphasise the relevance of the actions of all actors involved in interpreter-mediated communication in public institutions, who operate within the tension between diﬀerent goals and expectations and are inﬂuenced by institutional contextual conditions. A perspective on interpreter-mediated interaction that focuses solely on the cognitive, linear, communicative, or linguistic dimension would fail to capture the fundamental importance of human communication.Goﬀman’s eﬀort to investigate face-to-face communication in a social situation by examining the mutual inﬂuence of actors on their actions is also a fundamental part of interpreting research. Interpreting is not only accepted as linguistic and cultural mediation, but the interpreter, as a social individual, comes to the fore of empirical studies due to their "allegedly" socially determined role, value and normative perceptions, and social competence in maintaining the ﬂow of conversation.In conclusion, the insights into face-to-face interaction from Goﬀman’s interactional sociological perspective reveal commonalities with the conceptualisation of interpreter-mediated interaction in community interpreting. These points of connection can help to better understand the complex socio-institutional framework surrounding the interpreting process and to analyse its eﬀects on the involved actors from a new perspective. Moreover, it is emphasised that in a speciﬁc situation, it is the participants themselves who (re)negotiate and continuously reshape the communicative structure. This establishes a relevant reference point for a more in-depth focus on the overall situation in the interpreting process, with an emphasis on the mutual involvement of the actors—thus, the co-construction of social reality—by incorporating both linguistic and nonverbal cues in a key interaction. This underscores the importance of ﬁeld studies, which provide detailed insights into the natural behaviour of participants in their respective social situations.

Parallels Between Goﬀman’s Interaction Order and Interpreting Interaction in Community Interpreting

Filiz

Rana

This study focuses on the stress management and self-care needs of interpreters in disaster and crisis settings and addresses the unique challenges they face during these times. In disasters and crises, interpreters must cope with heavy psychological and emotional burdens while struggling with linguistic and cultural barriers. Compared to other forms of community interpreting, disaster and crisis interpreting is a highly resilient process in a much more complex and uncertain ﬁeld. While other types of community interpreting (e.g. court, health, etc.) usually work in more institutionalised and structured settings, interpreters working in disaster and crisis settings must make decisions more quickly, take on multifaceted roles, and demonstrate physical and mental resilience.Disaster interpreting is not just about language. These interpreters serve as cultural bridges and connect local communities with international teams, facilitating coordination by swiftly and eﬀectively transferring information during crises. The work of the Emergency and Disaster Interpreters Organisation (ARÇ) is a testament. Established after the 1999 Marmara Earthquake, ARÇ’s mission is to break down language barriers in times of disaster and crisis by training volunteer interpreters. Following the February 6, 2023, earthquakes, ARÇ played a pivotal role in the initial days of the disaster and crisis, providing language support to international search and rescue teams and aiding in the rapid resolution of linguistic and cultural barriers.According to the survey results, disaster and crisis interpreters face language barriers, cultural diﬀerences, long working hours and the inability to take breaks. The inability to rest and the emotional burden of working in disaster settings strain interpreters’ resilience. The survey results revealed that many interpreters felt stress, helplessness and fatigue while on assignment. Disaster interpreters work under much more intense stress than community interpreters and are at a higher risk of burnout. According to the survey results, a signiﬁcant number of interpreters experienced psychological eﬀects such as guilt, extreme fatigue and emotional breakdown while returning to their social and professional lives after the disaster.With their challenges, disaster and crisis interpreters must prioritise self-care strategies. Practises like meditation, breathing exercises, regular breaks, healthy eating, and social support are instrumental in preserving the psychological well-being of the interpreters. The stressful and uncertain nature of disaster and crisis interpretation necessitates adopting such strategies. Increasing training and establishing psychological support systems for interpreters, particularly before disasters, can signiﬁcantly enhance their preparedness for these demanding roles. This study also underscores the importance of comprehensive training for interpreters before disasters and crises. The survey results reveal that most interpreters need adequate pre-disaster training, leading them to take responsibility for disaster areas unprepared. This lack of preparation can signiﬁcantly hinder their ability to cope with the challenges they face during a crisis. Developing and implementing training programmes for disaster interpreters can improve communication during crises and enhance interpreters’ psychological resilience.Coordination is also crucial for interpreters to fulﬁl their duties eﬀectively during disasters. While communicating between local people/teams and international aid organisations, interpreters actively participate in rapid decision- making processes. The survey results reveal that interpreters need help overcome cultural and linguistic diﬀerences between foreign teams and local communities, which makes coordination diﬃcult. In addition, factors such as lack of breaks, long task hours, and uncertainty during the task increase interpreters’ emotional burden and show that they need more support and guidance during these processes.In the aftermath of the disaster, access to psychological support is crucial for translators to return to their social and professional lives. According to the survey results, many interpreters found it challenging to return to their social and professional lives after the disaster and experienced symptoms such as extreme fatigue, anger, and depression.Therefore, providing psychological support to disaster interpreters after the crisis is critical in mitigating such adverse eﬀects. However, the survey results show that many interpreters do not have access to this support and try to cope only with the support of family and friends.In conclusion, disaster and crisis interpreting diﬀers from community interpreting in requiring multifaceted roles under uncertainty and intense stress. Beyond linguistic mediation, disaster and crisis interpreters must undertake crisis management and coordination tasks. This process severely strains the psychological and physical resilience of the interpreters. Adopting and disseminating self-care strategies in disaster and crisis interpreting will enable interpreters to fulﬁl their duties with less impact from these challenging processes. Among the main ﬁndings of this study are the importance of pre-disaster training, eﬀective coordination during the disaster process, and psychological support after the disaster.

Stress Factors and Self-Care Needs in Disaster and Crisis Interpreting

Gizem

Prof. Dr.

Community Interpreting Training in Türkiye: A Study Based on the Views of Academics and Interpreters

Özge

Children of migrant families are often the quickest family members who learn the language and the social and cultural norms of the host country. Thus, they often perform interpreting tasks for their families in diﬀerent contexts shortly after migration. Children undertake the interpreting task for both interacting with local people and completing oﬃcial procedures as soon as they acquire the language of the host country. In this regard, child language brokers play a role in facilitating communication at the language level and in fostering interaction between minority and host cultures.Child language brokering, a phenomenon usually studied in the context of immigrant/refugee communities, can be deﬁned as a form of non-professional community interpreting. However, it has yet to be addressed as an independent research area within the ﬁeld of translation studies in Türkiye. Although it has been examined from the perspectives of educational science and developmental psychology for many years, child language brokering is fundamentally an interpreting activity that awaits the attention of translation studies. Besides, the current literature hosting a copious body of research represents only limited geography, ethnic groups, and languages. Considering that the social context is the most important factor in determining the ﬁndings related to child language brokering, further research is needed from more countries, migrant groups, and language pairs.To the best knowledge of the researcher, child language brokering has not been studied within the scope of Türkiye, despite the ever-increasing refugee population in the country recently. This study aims to explore the phenomenon of child language brokering, which has been addressed by various disciplines for years in countries with high levels of migration, within the context of migrant/refugee communities in Türkiye.This study seeks answers to the following research questions: 1) In which settings and why do migrant/refugee communities need child language brokering in Türkiye? 2) What are the impacts of language brokering on former child language brokers from migrant/refugee communities?As this research aims to analyse a current phenomenon in depth, a case study design was implemented among the qualitative research methods. Retrospective semi-structured interviews were conducted with six participants aged 18-21 who migrated to Türkiye from diﬀerent countries and engaged in language brokering activities for their families during their childhood. To ensure the competency of the participants in the Turkish language, which is set to be the interview language, and the cognitive ability of self-expression and of comprehending abstract concepts such as minority language, migrant rights, and identity, the study’s participation criteria included completion of high school education in Türkiye. Additionally, to ensure socioeconomic homogeneity among the participants, graduates of a selected state high school in the Mamak district of Ankara province were invited to participate in the study. The interview included 24 open-ended questions.The interviews were held online through the Zoom platform, and the average duration of the interviews was 35 min. The data were transcribed and subjected to thematic analysis using MaxQda 2024 software. Accordingly, a total of 480 codes were obtained and these codes are discussed and presented under ﬁve main themes, namely primary language brokering, brokering settings, interpreter role, ethics and responsibility, contributions of brokering, and feelings. The ﬁndings are expected to shed light on the brokering settings in Türkiye where child language brokering is most needed, the concept of primary language broker, and the feelings and contributions perceived by child language brokers regarding their brokering activities and the responsibilities they undertake.The main limitation of this study is its reliance on the self-reported data of the participants. Further studies are needed to follow the same participants for a certain period and/or observe child language brokers during their brokering activities.&nbsp;

Child Language Brokering Among Migrant/Refugee Communities in Türkiye

Gülfer

Olcay

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) reports that 117,3 million people are forcibly displaced worldwide due to various factors, such as war and persecution, as of 2024. Among these, 73% come from countries like Afghanistan, Syria, Venezuela, Ukraine, and South Sudan. Türkiye is one of the leading countries hosting refugees, with approximately 4,4 million foreigners legally residing in the country as of August 2024. Despite Türkiye’s legal provisions enabling access to services, including free interpreting services, studies reveal that many refugees still face signiﬁcant barriers to accessing public services. Language barriers, for instance, prevent them from being aware of the services oﬀered in areas such as healthcare, education, and legal procedures (Şan &amp; Koçlu, 2018) and from making doctor appointments (AIDA, 2018). They also face diﬃculties in educational settings due to the fact that the classes are held in Turkish and the lack of catch-up classes for newly arrived students (AIDA, 2018). Furthermore, they experience discrimination, which forces them to abandon their education (Sever, 2020, s.2). Another signiﬁcant diﬃculty is encountered in accessing professional interpreters. Even though SGDD-ASAM employs approximately 60 interpreters, and since 2017, the UNHCR has been providing interpreter support, it has been revealed that there are challenges in accessing professional interpreters, especially in smaller provinces. As a result, individuals registered as asylum seekers (AIDA, 2018), those with a refugee background (Erdoğan, 2021, s. 142; Polat Ulaş, 2021, s. 150) or bilingual staﬀ working in Provincial Migration Administration Oﬃces act as an interpreter (Doğan, 2017, s.246), which leads to the violation of conﬁdentiality and negatively impacts the quality of the interpreting service provided (AIDA, 2018).Taking into consideration all these challenges, it is an undeniable fact that there is a need to raise awareness and develop an inclusive translation policy for individuals speaking diﬀerent languages to access quality services in Türkiye. Thus, this study aims to promote social innovation initiatives in Türkiye by discussing good practises that facilitate refugees’ access to quality services through translation and interpreting in Europe. With this aim in mind, the study seeks to identify the challenges faced by refugees living in various countries in Europe in accessing public services in education, healthcare, asylum and legal aid. It will then present a good practise initiative in Europe with the framework developed in accordance with the challenges detected and general good practise criteria.To support the study, a comprehensive literature review was conducted, analysing 182 academic articles, reports, and case documents published from the early 1990s to September 2024. From these, 128 data sources that aligned with the research objectives were selected for detailed analysis. The study used sources from various international organisations, including the UNHCR, IOM, EU, OSCE, and EUAA, as well as databases such as Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar, PubMed, and Migration Hub.According to the ﬁndings, there are three main challenges that refugees face in Europe: 1) Access to information, 2) Availability of qualiﬁed interpreters, and 3) Collaboration problems. The data revealed that many refugees lack knowledge of their rights and the services available to them. They often rely on friends and informal networks for information, which may not always be accurate or accessible. This gap leads to increased vulnerability and miscommunication. Another challenge lies in the availability of qualiﬁed interpreters. A shortage of interpreters proﬁcient in rare languages creates barriers to accessing services. Financial constraints further limit the availability of professional interpreting services, forcing refugees to rely on untrained individuals. On the other hand, service providers and refugees often underestimate the role of professional interpreters, leading to ineﬀective communication and reliance on ad hoc interpreters, such as family members and friends, which can compromise the quality and conﬁdentiality of the information shared.Based on all these challenges, evaluation criteria of good practises consisting of 3 main criteria and 14 sub-criteria were developed, and the ‘Migrant-Friendly Hospitals’ project was selected as a case for this study. The ‘Migrant Friendly Hospitals’ project was analysed in terms of providing professional interpreters, including in rare spoken languages, organising training to enhance collaboration between parties, improving the quality of service, including interpreting service by raising cultural awareness and establishing quality control mechanisms for good practises.

Communication Barriers in Refugees’ Access to Public Services and Good Practices in Refugee Interpreting

Burak

Discursive Analysis of (pre-) Negotiation Behaviour in Mediated Press Conferences: Insights from the Sports Context

Nazan

Ensa

The establishment of the National Vocational Qualiﬁcations System is regulated by the Vocational Qualiﬁcations Authority in Turkey. The overriding concern of the National Vocational Qualiﬁcations System, which is linked to the European Qualiﬁcations Framework for Lifelong Learning (EQF-LLL), is to establish national occupational standards and occupational qualiﬁcations, which will enable the development of a stronger connection and cooperation based on shared learning outcomes between education and employment. The Council of Higher Education has initiated the strategy of internalization as of 2017. In line with this strategy and the Bologna Process, a stronger cooperation between the Vocational Qualiﬁcations Authority and Council of Higher Education is required for the eﬀective implementation of shared goals and action plans. The EQF-LLL plays a prominent role in the classiﬁcation of competences and learning outcomes in all types of learning environments, enabling the establishment of national and regional frameworks. In connection with the EQF-LLL, Turkey has developed the National Qualiﬁcations Framework and the National Qualiﬁcations Framework for Higher Education, speciﬁcally for the adoption of qualiﬁcations encompassing higher education, which paved the way for the establishment of national occupational standards and qualiﬁcations.As occupational standards explicate the required knowledge, skills, and attitudes practitioners of an occupation are expected to adopt, utilization of occupational standards in education programs is of paramount importance to reach the main (and shared) goals of the EQF-LLL and the National Vocational Qualiﬁcations System. Translation profession was incorporated into the National Vocational Qualiﬁcations System in 2011, and the National Occupational Standard for Translator and Interpreter [NOSTI (Level 6)] was ﬁrst published on the Oﬃcial Gazette in 2013. It was revised in 2020. This study aims to identify the inclusion of NOSTI in translation and interpreting undergraduate programs in Turkey with a focus on the content analysis of course structure diagrams and course details of these departments. As an instance of qualitative research methods, document analysis is used to explore to what extent NOSTI is integrated in the courses oﬀered in translation and interpreting departments.The document analysis has revealed that 98 undergraduate programs oﬀer translation and interpreting education in several language pairs (Turkish-English, Turkish-German, Turkish-French, Turkish-English&amp;French, Turkish-Arabic, Turkish-Russian, Turkish-Bulgarian, Turkish-Chinese, Turkish-Persian, and Turkish-Japan) in Turkey1. The results demonstrate that only 13 programs oﬀer courses covering NOSTI, and NOSTI is mostly included in translation and interpreting departments giving education in Turkish-English language pair, which corresponds to 8 out of 13 programs.The majority of the undergraduate programs present NOSTI to future translators and interpreters in compulsory courses. 10 out of 14 courses covering NOSTI are compulsory whereas 4 courses are enlisted as elective courses in course structure diagrams. These courses are predominantly oﬀered in the third year, in the sixth and/or ﬁfth semesters, followed by the seventh, eight, and second semesters, respectively. The analysis concerning the inclusion of NOSTI within course details shows that NOSTI is mainly involved in the “weekly course outline/syllabus” (10 out of 14 courses). In 5 of these 10 courses, “weekly course outline/syllabus” is the only part of the course details NOSTI is mentioned while the remaining 5 courses involve NOSTI in the “course content” in addition to the “weekly outline/syllabus”. Furthermore, in 2 of the 14 courses, NOSTI is merely included in the “course content”. The last category encompasses the combination of “course content” and “learning outcomes”; that is, NOSTI is declared to be taught both in the “course content” and “learning outcomes” in 2 out of 14 courses.To be well-equipped for today’s dynamic and multifaceted workplace, translator and interpreter candidates are expected to acquire a set of sub-competences and skills, including but not limited to language and culture, thematic and domain, translation, research and technology, translation service provision, and personal and interpersonal skills throughout their academic education2. These competence proﬁles, regarded as key reference standards for translation and interpreting (and language) industry, are meant to enhance the employability of translation and interpreting graduates. NOSTI delineates occupational duties and tasks accompanied by performance criteria, along with required professional knowledge and applied skills (to maintain these duties and tasks). As a result, integrating NOSTI into academic education and informing future translators and interpreters about expected occupational duties and tasks will help improve their conceptualization of essential aspects of translation and interpreting profession. Besides, NOSTI can serve an eﬀective reference tool for academic circles in the design of curriculum and course details to facilitate the establishment of a stronger cooperation between learning outcomes in translation and interpreting education and the needs and expectations of translation and interpreting industry.

The Incorporation of the National Occupational Standard for Translator/Interpreter (Level 6) into the Course Structure Diagrams of Translation and Interpreting Departments: Are Future Translators and Interpreters Informed about the Standard?

Didem

The stranglehold of sexism and violence entangled in women’s lives as an extension of discrimination has overflowed from reality into fiction and leaked into literary works, and while taking over all times and spaces, it has been translated and spread time and again with its different cultural versions. The signs that construct representations of inequality in literary works are so integrated into the flow that in many cases they become almost unnoticeable due to excessive ordinarization. On the other hand, in many of the literary texts written earlier, when feminist criticism was not fully directed towards fact and fiction, there is a blatant overtness in terms of signs of violence that are now relatively implicit. American author O. Henry’s story "A Harlem Tragedy" remains an extreme case, where physical violence is clearly normalised by the female characters and even treated as a matter of envy and pride. Moreover, different forms of violence, such as silent treatment, deprivation, impoverishment, and servitude, are frequently interspersed in the story in normalised forms. In addition, the clichés such as women being pitted against each other are reproduced through the female character’s attempt to make another woman experience the trauma she herself has gone through. In this study, the ways in which the signs of discrimination and violence are translated into Turkish are analysed through published translations by Nuri Eren (1945), Mehmet Harmancı (1954), and Erol Esençay (1983) as well as through outputs obtained from DeepL, and the attitude of human translators towards these signs is compared with the attitude of the artificial translator. In these evaluations, the signs created by human and artificial translators are handled on the basis of overinterpretation of meaning, underinterpretation of meaning, darkening of the meaning, sliding of the meaning, alteration of the meaning, opposition of the meaning, perversion of the meaning, destruction of the meaning, and wiping out of the meaning as defined by Sündüz Öztürk Kasar within the context of Systematics of Designification in Translation (2021, 28). On the other hand, the extent to which these signs, as well as the Harlem dialect, slang, and invective discourses, are reflected in the target texts as complementary to the context, is discussed through different levels of meaning transformations and cause-effect relationality, and the extent to which the need for post-editing may vary based on the human or artificial translator factor is evaluated. As a result of the comparative analyses, the following conclusions are drawn from the study:• Meaning transformations are observed in both human and artificial translators’ texts. • In human translators’ texts, the transformations usually remain within the field of the meaning or peri-meaning. • In the case of the artificial translator, there are usually no over-interpretations due to the excess of signs or no wiping-out of the meaning due to the absence of signs. • As a result of word-for-word translation, slang and idioms are relatively less reflected in the artificial translator’s text. • In cases where human translators do not translate the idiom as an idiom, they still manage to convey the meaning despite under-interpretations caused by not following the style. • Situations in which human translators fail to convey the non-standard language can be attributed to their decisions, whereas instances in which they fail to account for idiom and slang usage might be related to inadequate analysis. • The intervention of the human translator seems to be essential to bring the translation output of the artificial translator into a coherent and consistent form in terms of expression, fluency, and style.• Even if the solutions it provides need post-editing, the artificial translator can help expedite the translation process by displaying a draft of the target text on the screen and providing ideas. • Since the artificial translator lacks the ability to analyse and understand the literary text, it does not yet seem possible for it to fully function efficiently on its own. • Using the artificial translator in literary translation seems to be possible only with the human translator’s critical approach and post-editing intervention. Finally, the analysis of the meaning transformations carried out through a feminist reading from the perspective of semiotics of translation within the scope of this study goes beyond words or signs; the transformations turn out to be factual in the case of gender discrimination and violence discourses, invading the literary text in particular and women’s lives in general.

Attitude of the (Artificial) Translator towards Signs of Gender Discrimination and Violence

Cihan

Censoring or Queering? TV-Subtitling of South Park in Türkiye*

Dilruba

Mehmet

The Position of Localization Literature (1998-2024) in Türkiye

Unlocking the Future of Localisation: A Fusion of Human Expertise and Artificial Intelligence in a Cutting-Edge Syllabus

Sema

During recent years, the growing popularity and widespread use of artificial intelligence (AI) software have been the subject of research. The responses generated by AI systems like ChatGPT vary based on factors such as the time, location, phrasing of the prompt, and the politeness level of the language used. As a part of this research, graduate theses and scientific research articles on AI and news translations are analysed. Then, the AI system ChatGPT-4o, which generated news text about the recent events between Palestine and Israel, was instructed to frame the text from both a pro-Palestinian and a pro-Israeli perspective and to translate the text into Turkish and English. After obtaining the news texts and translations, the researchers conducted an interview with ChatGPT-4o about the news text generation and translation processes. The study aimed to perform a descriptive content analysis to examine the extent to which open-source AI software can produce biassed or unbiased text and translations. ChatGPT-4o’s ability to provide accurate information, generate impartial texts, and perform ideological translations, leading to broader inferences, was assessed. In the research, news texts produced by the AI tool ChatGPT4o were then translated into the target language in two different ways by the same AI tool. The translations were then subjected to content analysis. The research questions addressed were as follows: “Why do news consumers produce news texts with artificial intelligence?, To what extent is it possible for news consumers to produce news texts with artificial intelligence?, How feasible is the translation of AI-generated news texts into different types (neutral, biassed, and opposing)?, What is the process for producing and translating AI-generated news texts?”. This research focuses on the AI-supported production of news texts and their subsequent translation by the same AI software, examining the data obtained from ChatGPT-4o. In the literature review section, theses and the scientific research articles on AI and news translation in Turkey were reviewed using keywords such as AI and translation, AI and news translation, AI and journalism, robo-journalism, and robot journalism. The graduate theses were reviewed from 2004 to 2024. The scientific research articles reviewed between 2017 and 2024. Although derivatives and applications of artificial intelligence have been used for many years, it has only recently been referred to by these terms. Therefore, the limited number of comprehensive studies at the master’s or doctoral level is not surprising. Overall, producing news texts with artificial intelligence offers advantages in terms of convenience, speed, time, and efficiency. Additionally, automatic content generation, analysis of extensive data, personalised content production, language and translation services, writing and editing, post-editing, access to and coverage of research topics and sources, and consequently, cost savings are seen as beneficial. However, ensuring that all these benefits are obtained without violating any standards is essential. Ethical issues such as plagiarism or inappropriate content generation must be monitored. While gaining advantages in speed, time, and cost, it is crucial not to fall short on ethical considerations while using AI software. Therefore, future studies might explore the use of AI software for news text production and publication by news agencies and social media channels in terms of translation ethics and professional ethics. Finally, in potential further studies, the similarities and differences in texts produced by ChatGPT on different dates and times with the same input commands could be examined using content analysis. Another study may explore the place of AI in news text production and translation within academic translation education, and possible educational packages or course contents and models may be organised.

Comparative Analysis of Artificial Intelligence-Assisted News Text Generation and Translations: The Case of Chatgpt4o

@JOURNAL_BOX_CURRENT

@JOURNAL_BOX_EARLYVIEW

Hossein

Armin

Amir

TRANSLATION CREATIVITY: ANALYZING THE DEGREE OF USING CREATIVE STRATEGIES IN TRANSLATING IRANIAN TOURISM WEBSITES AND BROCHURES

@JOURNAL_BOX_FEATURED

ON THE ACQUISITION OF CULTURAL COMPETENCE IN TRANSLATOR TRAINING

@JOURNAL_BOX_MOSTREAD

Istanbul University Journal of Translation Studies - İstanbul Üniversitesi Çeviribilim Dergisi, which is the official publication of Istanbul University, Faculty of Letters is an open access, peer-reviewed, multilingual, scholarly and international journal published two times a year in May and November. It was founded in 2001. The print version of the journal has been stopped as of 2022; the publication continues as an electronic only journal.

EBSCO

ERIH PLUS

TR Dizin

DOAJ

SOBIAD

Gale Cengage

@METRIC_VOLUMES

@METRIC_ISSUES

@METRIC_ARTICLES

@METRIC_OPENACCESS

Istanbul University Journal of Translation Studies

@INFO_TAB_ABOUT

Editor in Chief

Co Editor in Chief

Ethics Editor

Language Editor

Editorial Board Member

@INFO_TAB_BOARDS

Harking back to regional translation as a phenomenon which derives from the relations between not only the East and West but also the North and South, it intends to deal with the rich heritage in the light of the contemporary theories of translation studies and thereby enrich the international cultural mosaic of the world by adding to it her own authentic colours. Accordingly, it aims at functioning as a means of transferring knowledge from the rich translation experience of Turkey and her neighbourhood to the international arena instead of importing knowledge from international journals. Considering the current trend of the hegemony of English in international journals as well as the close relationship of “translation” with language and culture, it deliberately prefers to stay away from monolingualism and adopts the policy of multilingualism by making use of such languages as Turkish, English, German and French. Within the framework of its principles, it abides by the main terms of scientificity listed as follows: originality, clarity, systematicity, empricity as well as its potential to address the universal academic environment.The journal mainly covers the areas of Comparative Translation Studies, Translation Theory, Ethics of Translation, Translation Criticism, Translator Training, History of Translation, Professionalism, Information Technologies, Domain-specific Translation and Interdisciplinary Studies on translations.It is also open to translation-oriented studies which deal with comparative cultural and literary studies. The journal includes research articles, review articles, reviews of books and notices of translation activities.

Aim and Scope

TR IndexDOAJEBSCO Humanities SourceEBCSO Central &amp; Eastern European Academic SourceSOBİADERIH PLUS<a href="https://go.gale.com/ps/dispAdvSearch.do?userGroupName=anon~84c5a0c7&amp;prodId=AONE" target="_blank">Gale Cengage</a>

Indexing and Abstracting

The journal is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> The subjects covered in the manuscripts submitted to the Journal for publication must be in accordance with the aim and scope of the Journal. Only those manuscripts approved by every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Changing the name of an author (omission, addition or order) in papers submitted to the Journal requires written permission of all declared authors.Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unethical behaviors. All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. Plagiarism Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. If plagiarism/self-plagiarism will be found authors will be informed. Editors may resubmit manuscript for similarity check at any peer-review or production stage if required. High similarity scores may lead to rejection of a manuscript before and even after acceptance. Depending on the type of article and the percentage of similarity score taken from each article, the overall similarity score is generally expected to be less than 15 or 20%. Double Blind Peer-Review After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the editors-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope. The editor provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles and hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

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The journal is an open access journal and all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Except for commercial purposes, users are allowed to read, download, copy, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the <a href="https://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read" target="_blank">BOAI</a> definition of open access.The open access articles in the journal are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">CC BY-NC 4.0</a>) license.

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I.U. Journal of Translation Studies is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and pays regard to Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing published by the <a href="https://publicationethics.org/" target="_blank">Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)</a>, the <a href="https://doaj.org/apply/transparency/#principles-of-transparency-and-best-practice-in-scholarly-publishing" target="_blank">Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)</a>, to access the <a href="https://oaspa.org/" target="_blank">Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (OASPA)</a>, and the <a href="https://www.wame.org/" target="_blank">World Association of Medical Editors (WAME)</a> on <a href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing" style="font-size: 10pt;" target="_blank">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines-new/principles-transparency-and-best-practice-scholarly-publishing</a> All parties involved in the publishing process (Editors, Reviewers, Authors and Publisher) are expected to agree on the following ethical principles.All submissions must be original, unpublished (including as full text in conference proceedings), and not under the review of any other publication synchronously. Each manuscript is reviewed by one of the editors and at least two referees under double-blind peer review process. Plagiarism, duplication, fraud authorship/denied authorship, research/data fabrication, salami slicing/salami publication, breaching of copyrights, prevailing conflict of interest are unnethical behaviors.All manuscripts not in accordance with the accepted ethical standards will be removed from the publication. This also contains any possible malpractice discovered after the publication. In accordance with the code of conduct we will report any cases of suspected plagiarism or duplicate publishing.

Ethics

I.U. Journal of Translation Studies adheres to the highest standards in research ethics and follows the principles of international research ethics as defined below. The authors are responsible for the compliance of the manuscripts with the ethical rules.<ul><li>Principles of integrity, quality and transparency should be sustained in designing the research, reviewing the design and conducting the research.</li><li>The research team and participants should be fully informed about the aim, methods, possible uses and requirements of the research and risks of participation in research.</li><li>The confidentiality of the information provided by the research participants and the confidentiality of the respondents should be ensured. The research should be designed to protect the autonomy and dignity of the participants.</li><li>Research participants should participate in the research voluntarily, not under any coercion.</li><li>Any possible harm to participants must be avoided. The research should be planned in such a way that the participants are not at risk.</li><li>The independence of research must be clear; and any conflict of interest must be disclosed.</li><li>In experimental studies with human subjects, written informed consent of the participants who decide to participate in the research must be obtained. In the case of children and those under wardship or with confirmed insanity, legal custodian’s assent must be obtained.</li><li>If the study is to be carried out in any institution or organization, approval must be obtained from this institution or organization.</li><li>In studies with human subject, it must be noted in the method’s section of the manuscript that the informed consent of the participants and ethics committee approval from the institution where the study has been conducted have been obtained.</li></ul>

It is authors’ responsibility to ensure that the article is in accordance with scientific and ethical standards and rules. And authors must ensure that submitted work is original. They must certify that the manuscript has not previously been published elsewhere or is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere, in any language. Applicable copyright laws and conventions must be followed. Copyright material (e.g. tables, figures or extensive quotations) must be reproduced only with appropriate permission and acknowledgement. Any work or words of other authors, contributors, or sources must be appropriately credited and referenced.All the authors of a submitted manuscript must have direct scientific and academic contribution to the manuscript. The author(s) of the original research articles is defined as a person who is significantly involved in “conceptualization and design of the study”, “collecting the data”, “analyzing the data”, “writing the manuscript”, “reviewing the manuscript with a critical perspective” and “planning/conducting the study of the manuscript and/or revising it”. Fund raising, data collection or supervision of the research group are not sufficient roles to be accepted as an author. The author(s) must meet all these criteria described above. The order of names in the author list of an article must be a co-decision and it must be indicated in the <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/3B8341B62E504DCFA05E4F535508091C" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form.</a> The individuals who do not meet the authorship criteria but contributed to the study must take place in the acknowledgement section. Individuals providing technical support, assisting writing, providing a general support, providing material or financial support are examples to be indicated in acknowledgement section.All authors must disclose all issues concerning financial relationship, conflict of interest, and competing interest that may potentially influence the results of the research or scientific judgment.When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published paper, it is the author’s obligation to promptly cooperate with the Editor to provide retractions or corrections of mistakes.

Editor-in-Chief evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors. He/She provides a fair double-blind peer review of the submitted articles for publication and ensures that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential before publishing.Editor-in-Chief is responsible for the contents and overall quality of the publication, and must publish errata pages or make corrections when needed.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers, and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the journal.Reviewers must have no conflict of interest with respect to the research, the authors and/or the research funders. Their judgments must be objective.Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees must be ensured. In particular situations, the editor may share the review of one reviewer with other reviewers to clarify a particular point.

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by editor-in-chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.The editor hands over the papers matching the formal rules to at least two national/international referees for double-blind peer review evaluation and gives green light for publication upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.

Peer Review

Only those manuscripts approved by its every individual author and that were not published before in or sent to another journal, are accepted for evaluation.Submitted manuscripts that pass preliminary control are scanned for plagiarism using iThenticate software. After plagiarism check, the eligible ones are evaluated by the Editor-in-Chief for their originality, methodology, the importance of the subject covered and compliance with the journal scope.Editor evaluates manuscripts for their scientific content without regard to ethnic origin, gender, citizenship, religious belief or political philosophy of the authors and ensures a fair double-blind peer review of the selected manuscripts.The selected manuscripts are sent to at least two national/international external referees for evaluation and publication decision is given by Editor-in-Chief upon modification by the authors in accordance with the referees’ claims.Editor-in-Chief does not allow any conflicts of interest between the authors, editors and reviewers and is responsible for final decision for publication of the manuscripts in the journal.Referees are obliged to notify within a week if they want to arbitrate. Otherwise, another referee is appointed.The referee must deliver the evaluation report within one month. If the referee fails to submit the report within this period, the referee's duty will end. In this case, another referee is appointed for evaluation.Reviewers’ judgments must be objective. Reviewers’ comments on the following aspects are expected while conducting the review.- Does the manuscript contain new and significant information?- Does the abstract clearly and accurately describe the content of the manuscript?- Is the problem significant and concisely stated?- Are the methods described comprehensively?- Are the interpretations and consclusions justified by the results?- Is adequate references made to other Works in the field?- Is the language acceptable?Reviewers must ensure that all the information related to submitted manuscripts is kept as confidential and must report to the editor if they are aware of copyright infringement and plagiarism on the author’s side.A reviewer who feels unqualified to review the topic of a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.The editor informs the reviewers that the manuscripts are confidential information and that this is a privileged interaction. The reviewers and editorial board cannot discuss the manuscripts with other persons. The anonymity of the referees is important.

LanguageArticles in Turkish, English, German and French are published. Submitted manuscript must include an abstract both in the article language and in English, and an extended abstract in English as well. However extended abstract in English is not required for articles in English.Manuscript Organization and SubmissionAll correspondence will be sent to the first-named author unless otherwise specified. Manuscpript is to be submitted online via <a href="http://dergipark.gov.tr/login" target="_blank">http://dergipark.gov.tr/login</a> that can be accessed at <a href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iuceviri" target="_blank">https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iuceviri</a> and it must be accompanied by a <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/8900E1F36E434F9C972A9F54E8E93688" target="_blank">Title Page</a> specifying the article category (i.e. research article, review etc.) and including information about the manuscript (see the Submission Checklist). Manuscripts should be prepared in Microsoft Word 2003 and upper versions. In addition, <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/3B8341B62E504DCFA05E4F535508091C" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a> that has to be signed by all authors must be submitted.1. The manuscripts should be in A4 paper standards: having 2.5 cm margins from right, left, bottom and top, Times New Roman font style in 10 font size and line spacing of 1.5. Due to double blind peer review, the main manuscript document must not include any author information.2. A <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/8900E1F36E434F9C972A9F54E8E93688" target="_blank">title page</a> including author information must be submitted together with the manuscript. The title page is to include fully descriptive title of the manuscript and, affiliation, title, e-mail address, postal address and phone number of the author(s) (see The Submission Checklist).3. Before the introduction part, there should be an abstract between 180 and 200 words in Turkish and English and an extended abstract only in English between 600-800 words, summarizing the scope, the purpose, the results of the study and the methodology used. Underneath the abstracts, five keywords that inform the reader about the content of the study should be specified in Turkish and in English. Extended abstract in English is required only for non-English manuscripts.4. The manuscripts should contain mainly these components: title, abstract and keywords; extended abstract in English, sections, end notes and references.5. Research article sections are ordered as follows: “INTRODUCTION”, “AIM AND METHODOLOGY”, “FINDINGS”, “DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION”, “ENDNOTES” and “REFERENCES” and “TABLES AND FIGURES”. For review and commentary articles, the article should start with the “INTRODUCTION” section where the purpose and the method is mentioned, go on with the other sections; and it should be finished with “DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION” section followed by “ENDNOTES”, “REFERENCES” and “TABLES AND FIGURES”.6. Tables, graphs and figures can be given with a number and a defining title.7. References should be in accordance with <a href="https://apastyle.apa.org/" target="_blank">American Psychological Association (APA) style 6th Edition.</a>8. Authors are responsible for all statements made in their work submitted to the Journal for publication.

Author Guidelines

I.U. Journal of Translation Studies complies with APA (American Psychological Association) style 6th Edition for referencing and quoting. For more information: - American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: APA.- <a href="http://www.apastyle.org" target="_blank">http://www.apastyle.org</a>Accuracy of citation is the author’s responsibility. All references should be cited in text. Reference list must be in alphabetical order. Type references in the style shown below.Citations in the Text Citations must be indicated with the author surname and publication year within the parenthesis. If more than one citation is made within the same paranthesis, separate them with (;).Samples:More than one citation; (Esin et al., 2002; Karasar, 1995)Citation with one author; (Akyolcu, 2007)Citation with two authors; (Sayıner &amp; Demirci, 2007)Citation with three, four, five authors; First citation in the text: (Ailen, Ciambrune, &amp; Welch, 2000) Subsequent citations in the text: (Ailen et al., 2000)Citations with more than six authors; (Çavdar et al., 2003)Citations in the ReferenceAll the citations done in the text should be listed in the References section in alphabetical order of author surname without numbering. Below given examples should be considered in citing the references.Basic Reference TypesBooka) Turkish Book Karasar, N. (1995). Araştırmalarda rapor hazırlama (8th ed.) [Preparing research reports]. Ankara, Turkey: 3A Eğitim Danışmanlık Ltd.b) Book Translated into Turkish Mucchielli, A. (1991). Zihniyetler [Mindsets] (A. Kotil, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: İletişim Yayınları.c) Edited Book Ören, T., Üney, T., &amp; Çölkesen, R. (Eds.). (2006). Türkiye bilişim ansiklopedisi [Turkish encyclopedia of informatics]. İstanbul, Turkey: Papatya Yayıncılık.d) Turkish Book with Multiple Authors Tonta, Y., Bitirim, Y., &amp; Sever, H. (2002). Türkçe arama motorlarında performans değerlendirme [Performance evaluation in Turkish search engines]. Ankara, Turkey: Total Bilişim.e) Book in English Kamien R., &amp; Kamien A. (2014). Music: An appreciation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.f) Chapter in an Edited Book Bassett, C. (2006). Cultural studies and new media. In G. Hall &amp; C. Birchall (Eds.), New cultural studies: Adventures in theory (pp. 220–237). Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.g) Chapter in an Edited Book in Turkish Erkmen, T. (2012). Örgüt kültürü: Fonksiyonları, öğeleri, işletme yönetimi ve liderlikteki önemi [Organization culture: Its functions, elements and importance in leadership and business management]. In M. Zencirkıran (Ed.), Örgüt sosyolojisi [Organization sociology] (pp. 233–263). Bursa, Turkey: Dora Basım Yayın.h) Book with the same organization as author and publisher American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Articlea) Turkish Article Mutlu, B., &amp; Savaşer, S. (2007). Çocuğu ameliyat sonrası yoğun bakımda olan ebeveynlerde stres nedenleri ve azaltma girişimleri [Source and intervention reduction of stress for parents whose children are in intensive care unit after surgery]. Istanbul University Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 15(60), 179–182.b) English Article de Cillia, R., Reisigl, M., &amp; Wodak, R. (1999). The discursive construction of national identity. Discourse and Society, 10(2), 149–173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957926599010002002c) Journal Article with DOI and More Than Seven Authors Lal, H., Cunningham, A. L., Godeaux, O., Chlibek, R., Diez-Domingo, J., Hwang, S.-J. ... Heineman, T. C. (2015). Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 2087–2096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1501184d) Journal Article from Web, without DOI Sidani, S. (2003). Enhancing the evaluation of nursing care effectiveness. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research, 35(3), 26–38. Retrieved from http://cjnr.mcgill.cae) Journal Article wih DOI Turner, S. J. (2010). Website statistics 2.0: Using Google Analytics to measure library website effectiveness. Technical Services Quarterly, 27, 261–278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317131003765910f) Advance Online Publication Smith, J. A. (2010). Citing advance online publication: A review. Journal of Psychology. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a45d7867g) Article in a Magazine Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today’s schools. Time, 135, 28–31.Doctoral Dissertation, Master’s Thesis, Presentation, Proceedinga) Dissertation/Thesis from a Commercial Database Van Brunt, D. (1997). Networked consumer health information systems (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9943436)b) Dissertation/Thesis from an Institutional Database Yaylalı-Yıldız, B. (2014). University campuses as places of potential publicness: Exploring the politicals, social and cultural practices in Ege University (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tr/hizli-erisim/iyte-tez-portalic) Dissertation/Thesis from Web Tonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Retrieved from http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/yayinlar /phd/ickapak.htmld) Dissertation/Thesis abstracted in Dissertations Abstracts International Appelbaum, L. G. (2005). Three studies of human information processing: Texture amplifica-tion, motion representation, and figure-ground segregation. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B. Sciences and Engineering, 65(10), 5428.e) Symposium Contribution Krinsky-McHale, S. J., Zigman, W. B., &amp; Silverman, W. (2012, August). Are neuropsychiatric symptoms markers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down syndrome? In W. B. Zigman (Chair), Predictors of mild cognitive impairment, dementia, and mortality in adults with Down syndrome. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.f) Conference Paper Abstract Retrieved Online Liu, S. (2005, May). Defending against business crises with the help of intelligent agent based early warning solutions. Paper presented at the Seventh International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, Miami, FL. Abstract retrieved from http://www.iceis.org/iceis2005/abstracts_2005.htmg) Conference Paper - In Regularly Published Proceedings and Retrieved Online Herculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kaas, J. H., &amp; Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593–12598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805417105h) Proceeding in Book Form Parsons, O. A., Pryzwansky, W. B., Weinstein, D. J., &amp; Wiens, A. N. (1995). Taxonomy for psychology. In J. N. Reich, H. Sands, &amp; A. N. Wiens (Eds.), Education and training beyond the doctoral degree: Proceedings of the American Psychological Association National Conference on Postdoctoral Education and Training in Psychology (pp. 45–50). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.i) Paper Presentation Nguyen, C. A. (2012, August). Humor and deception in advertising: When laughter may not be the best medicine. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Orlando, FL.Other Sourcesa) Newspaper Article Browne, R. (2010, March 21). This brainless patient is no dummy. Sydney Morning Herald, 45.b) Newspaper Article with no Author New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.c) Web Page/Blog Post Bordwell, D. (2013, June 18). David Koepp: Making the world movie-sized [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.davidbordwell.net/blog/page/27/d) Online Encyclopedia/Dictionary Ignition. (1989). In Oxford English online dictionary (2nd ed.). Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed. com Marcoux, A. (2008). Business ethics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-business/e) Podcast Dunning, B. (Producer). (2011, January 12). inFact: Conspiracy theories [Video podcast]. Retrieved from http://itunes.apple.com/f) Single Episode in a Television Series Egan, D. (Writer), &amp; Alexander, J. (Director). (2005). Failure to communicate. [Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), House; New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting.g) Music Fuchs, G. (2004). Light the menorah. On Eight nights of Hanukkah [CD]. Brick, NJ: Kid Kosher.

<a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/3B8341B62E504DCFA05E4F535508091C" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/AB91D5F1EA1242639EE030541163F63C" target="_blank">Title page</a><a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/11E84749F11B426897CF2F8887C133EF" target="_blank">Author Form</a>

Ensure that the following items are present: <ul><li>Confirm that the category of the manuscript is specifed.</li><li>Confirm that “the paper is not under consideration for publication in another journal”.</li><li>Confirm that disclosure of any commercial or financial involvement is provided.</li><li>Confirm that last control for fluent English was done.</li><li>Confirm that journal policies detailed in Information for Authors have been reviewed.</li><li>Confirm that the references cited in the text and listed in the references section are in with APA 6th. </li></ul>● <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/3B8341B62E504DCFA05E4F535508091C" target="_blank">Copyright Agreement Form</a>● Permission of previous published material if used in the present manuscript● <a href="https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/7360B6A1F80B45FBBEA252DA217420D8" target="_blank">Title page</a><ul><li>The category of the manuscript</li><li>The title of the manuscript both in the language of the article and in English</li><li>All authors’ names and affiliations (institution, faculty/department, city, country), e-mail addresses</li><li>Corresponding author’s email address, full postal address, and phone number</li><li>ORCIDs of all authors.</li><li>Grant support (if exists)</li><li>Conflict of interest (if exists) </li><li>Acknowledgement (if exists)</li></ul>● Main Manuscript Document<ul><li>Important: Please avoid mentioning the the author (s) names in the manuscript</li><li>The title of the manuscript both in the language of the article and in English</li><li>Abstract (180-200 words)</li><li>Key words: 5 words</li><li>Extended abstract in English: 600-800 words (for non-English articles) </li><li>Body text sections</li><li>References</li><li>All tables, illustrations (figures) (including title, explanation, captions)</li></ul>

Issue Type	Regular
Editor(s)	Arsun Uras
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